Latest revision as of 19:14, 1 October 2017

Toroidal-Coordinate Integration Limits

In support of our accompanying discussion of the gravitational potential of a uniform-density circular torus, here we explain in detail what limits of integration must be specified in order to accurately determine the volume — and, hence also the total mass — of such a torus using toroidal coordinates.

Mapping from Cylindrical to Toroidal Coordinates

Referencing the illustration displayed in the left-hand panel of Figure 1, our goal is to determine the gravitational potential at any cylindrical-coordinate location <math>~(R_0, Z_0)</math> due to a uniform-density circular torus whose major radius is <math>~\varpi_t</math> and whose minor, cross-sectional radius is <math>~r_t</math>. Here we explain how a toroidal coordinate system <math>~(\xi_1, \xi_2)</math> — as defined, for example, by MF53 and as illustrated schematically in the right-hand panel of Figure 1 — can be used to reduce the geometric complexity of this problem. Note that, in our illustration, each black circle identifies a <math>\xi_1 = </math> constant surface and each red circle identifies a <math>\xi_2 = </math> constant surface. Note, as well, that the overall length scale (not labeled in our schematic diagram) is set by the distance, <math>~a</math>, from the vertical symmetry axis to the origin of the toroidal coordinate system — the point (actually, the axisymmetric ring) at which all the red circles intersect one another. Here we will show how, when using an appropriately aligned toroidal coordinate system, the three-dimensional, weighted integral over the mass distribution that is required to determine the gravitational potential at any location can be reduced to the sum of a small number (1 - 4) of one-dimensional integrals over the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math>.

Figure 1: Meridional slice through …
(Pink) Circular Torus	Toroidal Coordinate System (schematic) (see also Wikipedia's Apollonian Circles)

The pink circle represents the meridional cross-section through an axisymmetric, circular torus that lies in the equatorial plane of a cylindrical <math>~(\varpi, Z)</math>, coordinate system. The torus has a major axis of length, <math>~\varpi_t</math>, and a minor, cross-sectional radius of length, <math>~r_t</math>. The red circular dot identifies the cylindrical-coordinate location, <math>~(R_0, Z_0)</math>, at which the gravitational potential is to be evaluated.	As is explained more fully in Wikipedia's discussion of toroidal coordinates, rotating this two-dimensional bipolar coordinate system about the vertical axis produces a three-dimensional toroidal coordinate system. Black circles centered on the horizontal axis become circular tori — each identifying an axisymmetric, <math>\xi_1 =</math> constant surface; whereas, red circles centered on the vertical axis become spheres — each identifying an axisymmetric, <math>\xi_2 =</math> constant surface.

Special Case Alignment

It should perhaps not be surprising to find that a toroidal coordinate system can be effectively used to quantitatively describe some properties — certainly the volume and possibly the gravitational potential — of circular tori because each <math>\xi_1 = </math> constant surface in a toroidal coordinate system (see the black circles in the right-hand panel of Figure 1) defines the surface of an axisymmetric, circular torus. In order to map from a cylindrical-coordinate representation of a circular torus (see the left-hand panel of Figure 1) to a toroidal-coordinate representation of that torus, at first glance it would seem reasonable to establish the alignment depicted schematically in Figure 2. That is, align the horizontal and vertical axes of the bipolar coordinate system (right-hand panel of Figure 1) with, respectively, the <math>\varpi-</math>axis and the <math>Z-</math>axis of the cylindrical coordinate system, then scale the overall size of the bipolar coordinate system until one <math>\xi_1 = </math> constant surface perfectly aligns with the surface of the (pink) torus.

Figure 2: Schematic Illustration of "Special Case" Alignment

Here, a mapping from cylindrical coordinates to toroidal coordinates is achieved by aligning the horizontal and vertical axes of the bipolar coordinate system (right-hand panel of Figure 1) with, respectively, the <math>\varpi-</math>axis and the <math>Z-</math>axis of the cylindrical coordinate system, then scaling the overall size of the bipolar coordinate system, <math>~a</math>, until one <math>\xi_1 = </math> constant surface perfectly aligns with the surface of the (pink) torus.

This is the "special case" alignment that we have discussed in an accompanying chapter. It is achieved by setting the scale-length, <math>~a</math>, of the toroidal-coordinate system to a value given by the expression,

<math>~\sqrt{\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2}\, ,</math>

which means that the "radial" toroidal coordinate that aligns with the surface of the (pink) torus has the value,

<math>~\frac{\varpi_t}{r_t} \, .</math>

While the special alignment depicted in Figure 2 might at first glance seem reasonable, we have found that it does not generally enable us to transform the multi-dimensional integral expression for the gravitational potential into a one-dimensional integral over <math>~\xi_1</math>, as desired.

Practical Transformation

However, we have discovered that this desired transformation can be accomplished by shifting the toroidal-coordinate system vertically and scaling it such that its off-axis "origin" aligns with the cylindrical-coordinate location, <math>~(R_0, Z_0)</math>, at which the gravitational potential is to be evaluated. The left-hand panel of Figure 3 illustrates what results from aligning in this manner the left-hand and right-hand panels of Figure 1. The origin of the toroidal coordinate system sits on the green line-segment, a distance <math>~Z = Z_0</math> above the equatorial plane of the torus, and a distance <math>~a = R_0</math> from the symmetry axis.

Figure 3: Quantitative Illustration of Employed Toroidal Coordinate System

The middle and right-hand panels of Figure 3 display quantitatively how the boundary of the (pink) circular torus is defined in toroidal coordinates when an alignment of coordinate systems is made, as illustrated in the left-hand panel of Figure 3, for the parameter values: <math>~(R_0, Z_0) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4})</math> and <math>~(\varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>. As the middle panel shows, black toroidal-coordinate circles intersect and/or thread through the (pink) torus for values of the radial coordinate in the range, <math>1.045 \leq \xi_1 \leq 1.193</math>. And, as the right-hand panel shows, the red toroidal-coordinate circle that corresponds to the angular-coordinate value, <math>~\xi_2 = 0.885198</math>, not only threads through the (pink) torus but identifies the "angle" at which the two limiting <math>\xi_1 =</math> constant circles touch the surface of the torus. The derivations that have led to the construction of these two figure panels are presented in an accompanying discussion.

One-Dimensional Integral Equations

Volume of Circular Torus

<math>~\frac{V_i}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math>

<math>~\frac{a^3}{2\pi \varpi_t r_t^2} \int\limits_{\xi_1 = \lambda_i}^{\xi_1 = \Lambda_i} d\xi_1 \biggl\{ \frac{(1-\xi_2^2)^{1/2} [ 4\xi_1^2 - 3\xi_1 \xi_2 - 1]}{(\xi_1^2-1)^2 (\xi_1 - \xi_2)^2} + \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ \frac{(\xi_1\xi_2 - 1 )}{(\xi_1- \xi_2)} \biggr] \biggr\}_{\xi_2 = \gamma_i}^{\xi_2 = \Gamma_i} \, . </math>

Note that when either integration limit, <math>~\gamma_i</math> or <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, is plus one, the integrand inside the curly braces becomes,

<math>~\biggl\{~~\biggr\}_{\xi_2 = +1}</math>

<math>~~\rightarrow~~</math>

<math>~ \biggl\{0 + \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ 1 \biggr] \biggr\} = 0 \, . </math>

Alternatively, when either integration limit, <math>~\gamma_i</math> or <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, is minus one, the integrand inside the curly braces becomes,

<math>~\biggl\{~~\biggr\}^{\xi_2 = -1}</math>

<math>~~\rightarrow~~</math>

<math>~ \biggl\{0 + \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[- 1 \biggr] \biggr\} = \pi \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \, . </math>

(In principle, the arccosine of -1 could be negative π, in which case the leading sign on this last expression should be flipped from positive to negative. But empirical evidence tells us that only the positive sign is relevant to this problem.)

Gravitational Potential due to a Circular Torus

<math>~\Phi_i(a,Z_0)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{2^{5/2} G \rho_0 a^{2}}{3} \int\limits_{\xi_1 = \lambda_i}^{\xi_1 = \Lambda_i} \frac{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2}K(\mu) d\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2 - 1)^2 [ (\xi_1^2 - 1)^{1/2}+\xi_1 ]^{1/2} } \biggr[ \frac{\sin \theta(5\xi_1^2 - 4\xi_1 \cos \theta - 1)}{(\xi_1+1)^{1/2} (\xi_1 - \cos \theta)^{3/2}} </math>
		<math>~ - 4\xi_1 E\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) + (\xi_1-1) F\biggl( \frac{\pi-\theta}{2} \, , \sqrt{\frac{2}{\xi_1 + 1}} \biggr) \biggr]_{\theta = \cos^{-1}(\gamma_i)}^{\theta = \cos^{-1}(\Gamma_i)} \, . </math>

Evaluation of Elliptic Integrals

We use the Numerical Recipes algorithms to evaluate elliptic integrals; and we have checked our use of these algorithms against printed tables of elliptic integrals found in my CRC handbook. Here are the relevant steps used in confirming the proper evaluation of these functions.

First, my CRC handbook adopts the following notation (evaluating the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind):

and

<math>~ \theta = \sin^{-1}k \, . </math>

Alternatively, in the Numerical Recipes algorithm, the two arguments of the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind are, <math>~\mathrm{ellf}(\phi, k)</math>, where the relevant function expression is,

<math>~ \int_0^\phi \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1 - k^2 \sin^2\theta}} \, , </math>

and the argument, <math>~\phi</math>, is expected to be provided in radians, instead of in degrees.

Some example values are:

Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First & Second Kind

CRC's <math>~F(k,\phi)</math> (top); <math>~E(k,\phi)</math> (bottom)

Numerical Recipe's <math>~F(\phi,k)</math> (top); <math>~E(\phi,k)</math> (bottom)

<math>~\theta ~~ \rightarrow</math>

20°

35°

50°

65°

80°

<math>~k ~~ \rightarrow</math>

0.34202014

0.57357644

0.76604444

0.90630779

0.98480775

<math>~\phi</math>
(radians)

11°

0.1921
0.1918

0.1924
0.1916

0.1927
0.1913

0.1930
0.1910

0.1931
0.1908

0.19198622

0.192123431
0.191849180

0.192373471
0.191600363

0.192679935
0.191296982

0.192961053
0.191020217

0.193140116
0.190844685

23°

0.4027
0.4002

0.4049
0.3980

0.4078
0.3952

0.4105
0.3927

0.4123
0.3911

0.40142573

0.402656868
0.400201278

0.404940840
0.397964813

0.407815120
0.395213994

0.410528813
0.392680594

0.412298101
0.391061525

35°

0.6151
0.6067

0.6231
0.5991

0.6336
0.5895

0.6441
0.5806

0.6513
0.5748

0.61086524

0.615064063
0.606716517

0.623082364
0.599066179

0.633639464
0.589516635

0.644149296
0.580570509

0.651323943
0.574768972

56°

0.9930
0.9622

1.0250
0.9335

1.0725
0.8962

1.1285
0.8595

1.1743
0.8344

0.97738438

0.993020463
0.962159483

1.024993767
0.933452135

1.072482572
0.896220989

1.128479892
0.859487843

1.174295801
0.834363150

77°

1.3788
1.3104

1.4554
1.2457

1.5867
1.1580

1.7909
1.0643

2.0653
0.9917

1.34390352

1.37884243
1.31035009

1.45540074
1.24566028

1.58672349
1.15795471

1.79094197
1.06431530

2.06528894
0.99170032

(90°)	<math>~K(k)</math>
	<math>~E(k)</math>

1.6200
1.5238

1.7312
1.4323

1.9356
1.3055

2.3088
1.1638

3.1534
1.0401

(π/2)	<math>~K(k)</math>
	<math>~E(k)</math>

1.62002589
1.52379921

1.73124518
1.43229097

1.93558110
1.30553909

2.30878680
1.16382796

3.15338525
1.04011440

Integration Limits

We define the following terms that are functions only of the four principal model parameters, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t)</math>, and therefore can be treated as constants while carrying out the pair of nested integrals that determine <math>~q_0</math>.

Zone I:

Figure 4: Zone I
Definition	Schematic Example
<math>~Z_0 > r_t</math> for any <math>~a</math>

In an accompanying discussion, we have derived the following integration limits; numerical values are given for the specific case, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>:

<math>~\Lambda_1 = \xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.1927843</math>
<math>~\lambda_1 = \xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.0449467</math>

where,

<math>~\kappa</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ Z_0^2 + a^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) </math>	<math>\rightarrow</math>	<math>~ \frac{5^2}{2^4\cdot 3^2} \approx 0.17361111 </math>
<math>~C</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~1 + \biggl( \frac{2Z_0}{\kappa}\biggr)^2 ( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) </math>	<math>\rightarrow</math>	<math>~\frac{17 \cdot 1409}{5^4} \approx 38.3248 </math>
<math>~\beta_\pm</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ - \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t \sqrt{C}}{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr] </math>	<math>\rightarrow</math>	<math>~ -~\frac{5^2}{2^6\cdot 3}\biggl[ 1\mp \sqrt{ \frac{17\cdot 1409}{3^2\cdot 5^4}} \biggr] </math>

Notice that we have specified these integration limits such that, in going from the lower limit <math>~(\lambda_1)</math> to the upper limit <math>~(\Lambda_1)</math>, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> monotonically increases. CAUTION: This statement is often not true. The quantity, <math>~\kappa</math>, changes signs, depending on whether <math>~(a^2 + Z_0^2) \gtrless (\varpi_t^2 -r_t^2)</math>. When <math>~\kappa</math> changes signs, the two quantities, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> and <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> switch roles; specifically, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> becomes less than <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> (or visa versa).

Also,

<math>~\Gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
<math>~\gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr\|_-</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-} </math>

where, in addition to the quantities defined above,

<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_\pm</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~\frac{\kappa}{2a^2}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{B}}{\mathrm{A}} \biggl[1 \pm \sqrt{1-\frac{AC}{B^2}} \biggr] </math>
<math>~\mathrm{A}</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~\biggl(\frac{Z_0}{a}\biggr)^2 + \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr]^2 </math>
<math>~\mathrm{B}</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~\biggl(\frac{2\varpi_t Z_0^2}{a\kappa}\biggr) - \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr] </math>

Here, our desire also is to specify the integration limits such that <math>~\xi_2</math> monotonically increases in going from the lower limit <math>~(\gamma_1)</math> to the upper limit <math>~(\Gamma_1)</math>. In order to check to see if this is the case, let's test the limiting values of <math>~\xi_2</math> when we are considering a radial-coordinate value roughly midway between its limits, say, when <math>~\xi_1 = 1.1</math>. For this specific case, we find,

<math>~\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}} = - 0.150397 \, ;</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_\pm = 2.263098\biggl[1 \pm \sqrt{1-0.898157} \biggr] \, ;</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_+ = 2.985318 \, ;</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_- = 1.540878 \, ;</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \xi_2\biggr|_+ = 0.946496 \, ;</math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \xi_2\biggr|_- = 0.802600 \, .</math>

Hence, our ordering of the limits appears to be the one desired.

Zone II:

Figure 5: Zone II

Definition

Schematic Example

Quantitative Example: Partial Volumes Identified

and

In an accompanying discussion, we have derived the following integration limits; example numerical values of various parameters are provided for the specific case where, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>. Note that,

<math>~\kappa</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~- \frac{1319}{2^4\cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^2} \approx -0.36639 \, ;</math>
<math>~C</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~1 + \frac{2^5\cdot 3^6 \cdot 5^2}{(1319)^2} = \frac{2322961}{(1319)^2} \approx 1.33522 \, ;</math>
<math>~\beta_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{2^6\cdot 3^2\cdot 5^2} \biggl[3\cdot 1319 - \sqrt{2322961} \biggr] \approx 0.16895 \, ;</math>
<math>~\beta_-</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{2^6\cdot 3^2\cdot 5^2} \biggl[3\cdot 1319 + \sqrt{2322961} \biggr] \approx 0.38063 \, .</math>

Partial Volume #II-1

This is the green cropped-top sub-volume identified as Partial Volume #1 (PV#1) in the right-hand panel of Figure 5, and discussed in detail elsewhere.

<math>~\Lambda_1 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{1489}{13\cdot 53} \approx 2.16110</math>
<math>~\lambda_1 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{41\cdot 89}{7\cdot 11\cdot 37} \approx 1.28080</math>

<math>~\Gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
<math>~\gamma_1 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~1</math>

Partial Volume #II-2

This is the sub-volume that is painted yellow and identified as Partial Volume #2 (PV#2) in the right-hand panel of Figure 5.

<math>~\Lambda_2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{41\cdot 89}{7\cdot 11\cdot 37} \approx 1.28080</math>
<math>~\lambda_2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.22088</math>

<math>~\Gamma_2 = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
<math>~\gamma_2 = \xi_2\biggr\|_-</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-} </math>

Partial Volume #II-3

This is the sub-volume that is painted orange and identified as Partial Volume #3 (PV#3) in the right-hand panel of Figure 5.

<math>~\Lambda_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{1489}{13\cdot 53} \approx 2.16110</math>
<math>~\lambda_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{41\cdot 89}{7\cdot 11\cdot 37} \approx 1.28080</math>

<math>~\Gamma_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1 </math>
<math>~\gamma_3 = \xi_2\biggr\|_-</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-} </math>

Partial Volume #II-4

This is the sub-volume that is painted blue and identified as Partial Volume #4 (PV#4) in the right-hand panel of Figure 5.

<math>~\Lambda_4 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 2.32125</math>
<math>~\lambda_4 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{1489}{13\cdot 53} \approx 2.16110</math>

<math>~\Gamma_4 = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
<math>~\gamma_4 = \xi_2\biggr\|_-</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-} </math>

Summary (Zone II)

In summary, for a given set of the three model parameters <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t)</math> and the fourth, <math>~Z_0</math>, in the range, <math>~0 < Z_0 < r_t</math>, the volume of the (pink) circular torus is determined by adding together four partial volumes — that is, adding together the results of four separate 1D integrations over the "radial" toroidal coordinate <math>~(\xi_1)</math>. Although a total of eight radial integration limits (four lower limits and four upper limits) are required to fully determine the Zone II torus volume, only four unique limiting values need to be calculated because the partial volumes share <math>~\xi_1</math> boundaries. This has been illustrated by the black vertical dashed and dot-dashed lines in the left-hand panel of Figure 6 — and, drawing from the above discussion, the numerical values of these limits have been recorded in Table 1 — for the specific case of <math>~Z_0 = \tfrac{3}{20}</math>.

Table 1: Zone II Partial Volumes & Integration Limits on <math>~\xi_1</math> for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
	PV #1		PV #2		PV #3		PV #4
Integration Limits	<math>~\lambda_1</math>	<math>~\Lambda_1</math>	<math>~\lambda_2</math>	<math>~\Lambda_2</math>	<math>~\lambda_3</math>	<math>~\Lambda_3</math>	<math>~\lambda_4</math>	<math>~\Lambda_4</math>
Integration Limits	<math>2.16110</math>	<math>1.28080</math>	<math>1.28080</math>	<math>1.22088</math>	<math>2.16110</math>	<math>1.28080</math>	<math>2.32125</math>	<math>2.16110</math>
Volume Fraction	0.14237851		0.21569718		0.63537958		0.0065448719
Total Volume (nzones = 5000)	1.00000014 <math>~\Rightarrow~</math> Error = -1.4E-7

While the radial integrand expression for each partial volume is formally the same, it requires a specification of both limits, <math>~\gamma_i</math> and <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, for the "angular" coordinate integration which, as has also just been detailed, vary from one partial volume to the next and generally depend on the value of the radial coordinate. This dependence of the angular coordinate integration limits on the specific value of the radial coordinate across the four separate partial volumes is quantitatively illustrated in Figure 6 for the specific set of model parameters, <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>, and for twenty-four different values of <math>~Z_0</math>.

Figure 6: Zone II Integration Limits on <math>~\xi_2</math>

for model parameters <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math> and various <math>~Z_0</math>

Example <math>~\xi_2</math> Limits when <math>~Z_0 = \tfrac{3}{20} = 0.15</math>
Partial Volume (i)	Example <math>~\xi_1</math>	<math>~\gamma_i</math>	<math>~\Gamma_i</math>
#1	2.00	1.00000	0.99625
#2	1.25	0.91635	0.99789
#3	2.00	0.84538	1.00000
#4	2.30	0.94684	0.98886

In both panels of Figure 6, at each of a variety of values of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math> (horizontal axis), a pair of colored dots identify the values (vertical axis) of the two "angular" coordinate integration limits, <math>~\gamma_i</math> (lower value) and <math>~\Gamma_i</math> (upper value). The left-hand panel has been constructed for the specific case, <math>~Z_0 = \tfrac{3}{20} = 0.15</math>; via an animation sequence, the right-hand panel shows how the limits vary with <math>~\xi_1</math> for twenty-four different values of <math>~Z_0</math> in the Zone II range <math>~(0 \leq Z_0 \leq r_t)</math>, as indicated in the lower right-hand corner of each frame. The limits identified by yellow dots must be fed into the radial integrand expression when evaluating partial volume #2 and the blue dots provide the limits for partial volume #4. Green dots identify the lower angular-coordinate integration limit across partial volume #1; orange dots identify the lower limit across partial volume #3; and the upper limit for both partial volume #1 and partial volume #3 is unity (black dots). Four vertical black lines (two dashed and two dot-dashed) have been added to the plot displayed in the left-hand panel of Figure 6 in order to emphasize that the boundaries between the four partial volumes are defined by the radial-coordinate integration limits, <math>~\lambda_i</math> and <math>~\Lambda_i</math>; as has been detailed in Table 1 for the specific case <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>, the boundaries occur at <math>~\xi_1 = 1.22088, 1.28080, 2.16110,</math> and <math>~2.32125</math>.

Table 1b: Validate Pattern II
Integration Limits for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_+</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_-</math>	<math>~\infty</math>
	1.22088	2.32125	1.28080	2.16110	<math>~\infty</math>
<math>~\xi_2\|_+</math>	END			START END
<math>~\xi_2\|_-</math>		START	START	START
<math>~+1</math>			END END
<math>~-1</math>

Special Case of Z₀ = 0

As has been recorded in an accompanying "Ramblings" appendix, my inversion of the toroidal-coordinate definitions — which, by default, incorporate the assumption that <math>~Z_0 = 0</math> — has led to the following expressions:

<math> ~\xi_1 </math>	<math> ~= </math>	<math> \frac{r(r^2 + 1)} {[\chi^2(r^2-1)^2 + \zeta^2(r^2+1)^2]^{1/2}} \, , </math>
<math> ~\xi_2 </math>	<math> ~= </math>	<math> \frac{r(r^2 - 1)}{[\chi^2(r^2-1)^2 + \zeta^2(r^2+1)^2]^{1/2}} \, , </math>

where,

<math> \chi \equiv \frac{\varpi}{a} ~~~;~~~\zeta\equiv\frac{z}{a} ~~~\mathrm{and} ~~~ r=(\chi^2 + \zeta^2)^{1/2} . </math>

It seems clear that, in this special case, the first radial coordinate that encounters the pink torus <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{max})</math> should be given by the cylindrical-coordinate values, <math>~[\varpi,z] = [(\varpi_t - r_t),0]</math>; likewise the last radial coordinate <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{min})</math> should be given by the cylindrical-coordinate values, <math>~[\varpi,z] = [(\varpi_t + r_t),0]</math>. Hence, in both limits, <math>~\zeta = 0 ~~ \Rightarrow ~~

r = \chi</math>, which further implies,

<math> ~\xi_1|_\mathrm{limits} </math>

Separately, then, we expect,

<math> ~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} </math>	<math> ~= </math>	<math> \frac{(\varpi_t - r_t)^2 + a^2} {(\varpi_t - r_t)^2-a^2} \, , </math>
<math> ~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} </math>	<math> ~= </math>	<math> \frac{(\varpi_t + r_t)^2 + a^2} {(\varpi_t + r_t)^2-a^2} \, . </math>

By comparison, the expressions that we have provided, above, for these two limits gives,

<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}\biggr]^{-2} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \, , </math>
<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} \biggr]^{-2} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \, , </math>

where, in the special case of <math>~Z_0 = 0</math>,

<math>~\kappa</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ a^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) \, , </math>
<math>~\beta_\pm</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ - \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t }{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2} \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) - a^2 \biggr] \biggl[ \frac{1 }{\varpi_t \pm r_t} \biggr] \, . </math>

Hence,

<math>~\varpi_t - \beta_\pm</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \varpi_t - \frac{1}{2} \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) - a^2 \biggr] \biggl[ \frac{1 }{\varpi_t \pm r_t} \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} \biggl\{ 2\varpi_t(\varpi_t \pm r_t) - \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) - a^2 \biggr] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} \biggl\{ 2\varpi_t(\varpi_t \pm r_t) + \biggl[a^2 - (\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t) \biggr] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2} \biggl\{\frac{a^2}{(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} + 2\varpi_t - (\varpi_t \mp r_t) \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{a}{2} \biggl[\frac{a}{(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} + \frac{(\varpi_t \pm r_t)}{a} \biggr] </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl( \frac{\varpi_t - \beta_\pm}{a}\biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl(\frac{\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2}{2a\Upsilon_\pm} \biggr) \, , </math>

where,

<math>~\Upsilon_\pm</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\varpi_t \pm r_t \, .</math>

This also means that,

<math>~1 - \biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t - \beta_\pm}\biggr)^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1 - \biggl(\frac{2a\Upsilon_\pm}{\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2} \biggr)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{(\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2)^2 - 4a^2\Upsilon_\pm^2}{(\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2)^2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_\pm^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2} \biggr]^2 \, . </math>

That is,

<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}\biggr]^{-2} = \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_+^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_+^2 + a^2} \biggr]^2</math>	<math>~\Rightarrow</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} = \frac{\Upsilon_+^2 + a^2}{\Upsilon_+^2 - a^2} \, , </math>
<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} \biggr]^{-2} = \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_-^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_-^2 + a^2} \biggr]^2 </math>	<math>~\Rightarrow</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} = \frac{\Upsilon_-^2 + a^2}{\Upsilon_-^2 - a^2} \, . </math>

Excellent! This matches the earlier supposition.

Also, given that <math>~C = 1</math> and <math>~A = B^2</math>, the pair of values, <math>~(\varpi_i/a)_\pm</math>, is degenerate and given by the expression,

<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_\pm</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\kappa}{2a^2 \mathrm{B}} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2a^2} \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) -a^2\biggr] \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr]^{-1} \, . </math>

Hence,

<math>~\xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1\biggl\{1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1 / 2}}{\xi_1} \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr] 2a^2 \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) -a^2\biggr]^{-1} \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1\biggl\{1 - \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{a} \biggr)\frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1 / 2}}{\xi_1} - 1 \biggr] 2a^2 \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) -a^2\biggr]^{-1} \biggr\} </math>

Zone III

Figure 7: Zone III

Definition

Schematic Example

Quantitative Example: Partial Volumes Identified

and

<math>~\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2} < a < \varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}</math>

<math>~\biggl[\frac{11}{20} < a < \frac{19}{20}\biggr]</math>

Here, numerical values will be given for the specific case, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>:

<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 8.9243615</math>
<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.9116174</math>

where,

<math>~\kappa</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ Z_0^2 + a^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) </math>	<math>\rightarrow</math>	<math>~\frac{13}{2^4\cdot 5} = 0.1625 </math>
<math>~C</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~1 + \biggl( \frac{2Z_0}{\kappa}\biggr)^2 ( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) </math>	<math>\rightarrow</math>	<math>\frac{457}{13^2} \approx 2.7041420 </math>
<math>~\beta_\pm</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ - \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t \sqrt{C}}{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr] </math>	<math>\rightarrow</math>	<math>~ -~\frac{1}{2^6\cdot 5 }\biggl[ 39 \mp \sqrt{457} \biggr] </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~\beta_+</math>	<math>\approx</math>	<math>~ -~0.055070130 </math>
<math>~\beta_-</math>	<math>\approx</math>	<math>~ -~0.188679870 </math>

Notice that we have specified these integration limits such that, in going from the lower limit <math>~(\lambda_1)</math> to the upper limit <math>~(\Lambda_1)</math>, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> monotonically increases.

Partial Volume #III-1

This is the sub-volume that is painted blue and identified as Partial Volume #1 (PV#1) in the right-hand panel of Figure 7.

<math>~\Lambda_1 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{a^2 + [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}{a^2 - [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{2^8+11^2}{2^8-11^2} \approx 2.79259</math>
<math>~\lambda_1 </math>	<math>~= </math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 1.9116174</math>

<math>~\Gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
<math>~\gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr\|_- </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-} </math>

Partial Volume #III-2

This is the sub-volume that is painted green and identified as Partial Volume #2 (PV#2) in the right-hand panel of Figure 7.

<math>~\Lambda_2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2+a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{19^2 + 2^8}{19^2 - 2^8} \approx 5.87619</math>
<math>~\lambda_2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{a^2 + [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}{a^2 - [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{2^8+11^2}{2^8-11^2} \approx 2.79259</math>

<math>~\Gamma_2 = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>
<math>~\gamma_2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -1 </math>

Partial Volume #III-3

This is the sub-volume that is painted orange and identified as Partial Volume #3 (PV#3) in the right-hand panel of Figure 7.

<math>~\Lambda_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\infty</math>
<math>~\lambda_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2+a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{19^2 + 2^8}{19^2 - 2^8} \approx 5.87619</math>

<math>~\Gamma_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ +1 </math>
<math>~\gamma_3 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -1 </math>

Alternative determination of this partial volume: Notice that this "orange" meridional-plane segment is a (semi)circle whose cross-sectional radius is (see accompanying discussion),

<math>~r_\mathrm{orange} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{\lambda_3^2 - 1}} \, ,</math>

and it is associated with a circular torus whose major radius is,

<math>~R_\mathrm{orange} = \lambda_3 r_\mathrm{orange} \, .</math>

Hence, using the familiar expression for the volume of a circular torus, we know that the volume associated with this "orange" partial volume is,

<math>~V_\mathrm{orange}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 2\pi^2 R_\mathrm{orange} r_\mathrm{orange}^2 \biggr] = \pi^2 \lambda_3 r_\mathrm{orange}^3 = \frac{\pi^2 a^3 \lambda_3}{(\lambda_3^2-1)^{3/2}} </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~\frac{V_\mathrm{orange}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl(\frac{a^3}{2\varpi_t r_t^2}\biggr) \frac{\lambda_3}{(\lambda_3^2-1)^{3/2}} \approx 0.165291952 \, .</math>

Partial Volume #III-4

This is the sub-volume that is painted pink and identified as Partial Volume #4a (PV#4a) in the right-hand panel of Figure 7.

<math>~\Lambda_4 </math>	<math>~= </math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 8.9243615</math>
<math>~\lambda_4 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{a^2 + [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}{a^2 - [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{2^8+11^2}{2^8-11^2} \approx 2.79259</math>

<math>~\Gamma_{4a} = \xi_2\biggr\|_-</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-} </math>
<math>~\gamma_{4a} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -1 </math>

This is the sub-volume that is painted red and identified as Partial Volume #4b (PV#4b) in the right-hand panel of Figure 7.

<math>~\Lambda_4 </math>	<math>~= </math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 8.9243615</math>
<math>~\lambda_4 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2+a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{19^2 + 2^8}{19^2 - 2^8} \approx 5.87619</math>

<math>~\Gamma_{4b} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ +1 </math>
<math>~\gamma_{4b} = \xi_2\biggr\|_+</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+} </math>

Partial Volume #III-5

This is the sub-volume that is painted black and identified as Partial Volume #5 (PV#5) in the right-hand panel of Figure 7.

<math>~\Lambda_5 </math>	<math>~= </math>	<math>~\infty</math>
<math>~\lambda_5 </math>	<math>~= </math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1/2} \approx 8.9243615</math>

<math>~\Gamma_{5} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ +1 </math>
<math>~\gamma_{5} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -1 </math>

Alternative determination of this partial volume: Notice that this "black" meridional-plane segment is a (semi)circle whose cross-sectional radius is (see accompanying discussion),

<math>~r_\mathrm{black} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{\lambda_5^2 - 1}} \, ,</math>

and it is associated with a circular torus whose major radius is,

<math>~R_\mathrm{black} = \lambda_5 r_\mathrm{black} \, .</math>

Hence, using the familiar expression for the volume of a circular torus, we know that the volume associated with this "black" partial volume is,

<math>~V_\mathrm{black}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 2\pi^2 R_\mathrm{black} r_\mathrm{black}^2 \biggr] = \pi^2 \lambda_5 r_\mathrm{black}^3 = \frac{\pi^2 a^3 \lambda_5}{(\lambda_3^2-1)^{3/2}} </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~\frac{V_\mathrm{black}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl(\frac{a^3}{2\varpi_t r_t^2}\biggr) \frac{\lambda_5}{(\lambda_5^2-1)^{3/2}} \approx 0.06988365 \, .</math>

Summary (Zone III)

Table 2a: Validate Pattern III-A
Integration Limits for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_+</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_-</math>	<math>~\infty</math>
	8.92436	1.91162	5.87619	2.79259	<math>~\infty</math>
<math>~\xi_2\|_+</math>	START	END		END
<math>~\xi_2\|_-</math>				START END
<math>~+1</math>			END
<math>~-1</math>	START		START

Table 2b: Validate Pattern III-A
Integration Limits for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{1}{8}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_+</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_-</math>	<math>~\infty</math>
	7.19569	1.98820	5.35175	2.60173	<math>~\infty</math>
<math>~\xi_2\|_+</math>	START	END		END
<math>~\xi_2\|_-</math>				START END
<math>~+1</math>			END
<math>~-1</math>	START		START

Table 2c: Validate Pattern III-A
Integration Limits for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{9}{10}, \tfrac{3}{40}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_+</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_-</math>	<math>~\infty</math>
	11.4106	1.84912	10.6947	1.95431	<math>~\infty</math>
<math>~\xi_2\|_+</math>	START	END		END
<math>~\xi_2\|_-</math>				START END
<math>~+1</math>			END
<math>~-1</math>	START		START

Table 3a: Validate Pattern III-B
Integration Limits for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{13}{20}, \tfrac{1}{10}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_+</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_-</math>	<math>~\infty</math>
	2.10621	5.71122	2.57592	4.58888	<math>~\infty</math>
Temporary	END	START START	END END START	END START
<math>~\xi_2\|_+</math>	END	START
<math>~\xi_2\|_-</math>			START	END START
<math>~+1</math>			END END
<math>~-1</math>		START

Table 4: Various Zone III Partial Volumes for model parameters <math>~(\varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
<math>~a</math>	<math>~Z_0</math>	nzones	PV#1 (blue)	PV#2 (green)	PV#3 (orange)	PV#4a (pink)	PV#4b (red)	PV#5 (black)	Error	Thumbnail
0.8	0.15	5000	(see Table 2 for details)						-1.1E-7
	0.10	5000	0.075401233	0.44164551	0.230637507	0.088778341	0.010790998	0.152746462	-4.8E-8
	0.125	5000	0.14811529	0.45526220	0.201121481	0.073678658	0.013215276	0.108607177	-8.7E-8
0.65	0.1	5000	0.21505365	0.38298966	0.149641005	0.0028992093	0.15531546	0.0941011094	-9.6E-8
0.9	0.075	5000	0.013247868	0.60594555	0.0688878257	0.25103223	0.00046944204	0.0604172907	-2.0E-7

September 2017

Coming Up to Speed

I am returning to this problem after letting it lay dormant for more than 14 months. These notes are being recorded as I try to decipher the fortran code that I have previously developed. Here is a screenshot from philip.hpc.lsu.edu that will help me archive the dates various fortran routines were last edited.

Let's start by reviewing the pair of routines (mainI_03.for,volumeI_03.for) which, presumably, integrate over the region labeled, Zone I, above.

Main Routine

Unedited mainI_03.for

Current Comments & Notes

June 12, 2016
ZoneI -- mainI_03.for
(Generates good Vistrails error map.)
========================================

PROGRAM MainI
      real*8 dxx,dzz,dvarpi_t,dr_t,TorusPot,Volume,total,error
      real*8 p3,p5
      real*8 griddx,Xstart,Xend,Ystart,Yend,gridedge
      real*8 x(49),y(49),xfull(50),yfull(50)
      real*8 e(49,49),esum
      real*8 elog
      real   emax,emin
      real   esumshort,elimit
      real   eshort(49,49),xshort(50),yshort(50)
      integer iiZone,ngrid,i,j,k,ncount
  151 format(1x,'Zone I:',5x,'Xstart, Xend, Ystart, Yend = ',&
     &1P4d14.5)
  152 format(1x,' j ',' k ',7X,'x',14X,'y',10X,'error')
  153 format(2I5,1p3d15.6)
  154 format(5x,'Across ',I6,' zones, the average error = ',1p1d15.2)
  601 format(1x,'emax, emin = ',1p2E15.3)
      dvarpi_t = 0.75d0
      dr_t = 0.25d0
      ngrid = 50
      gridedge = 1.5d0
      griddx = gridedge/dfloat(ngrid-1)
      xfull(1)=0.0d0 
      yfull(1)=0.0d0 
      do i=2,ngrid
      xfull(i) = xfull(i-1)+griddx
      yfull(i) = yfull(i-1)+0.5d0*griddx
      enddo
      x(1)=0.5d0*griddx 
      y(1)=0.5d0*griddx 
      do i=2,ngrid-1
      x(i) = x(i-1)+griddx
      y(i) = y(i-1)+0.5d0*griddx
      enddo
      do j=1,ngrid-1
        do k=1,ngrid-1
        e(j,k)=0.0d0
        enddo
      enddo
!******
!
!  Zone I
!
!******
! [iiZone = 0] Full Volume
!
      iizone = 0
      Xstart = 0.0d0
      Xend   = gridedge
      Ystart = dr_t
      Yend   = y(ngrid-1)+0.5d0*griddx
      write(*,151)Xstart,Xend,Ystart,Yend
      write(*,152)
      ncount=0
      esum=0.0d0
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
          if(x(j).gt.Xstart .and. x(j).lt.Xend)then
            if(y(k).gt.Ystart .and. y(k).lt.Yend)then
            dxx = x(j)
            dzz = y(k)
        total = 0.0d0
        call Integrate(dxx,dzz,dvarpi_t,dr_t,iiZone,TorusPot,Volume,p3,p5)
        e(j,k) = (1.0d0-Volume)
        ncount=ncount+1
        esum = esum + DABS(e(j,k))
        write(*,153)j,k,x(j),y(k),e(j,k)
            endif
          endif
        enddo
      enddo
      esum = esum/ncount
      write(*,154)ncount,esum
! Prepare for XMLwriter
      do k=1,ngrid
      xshort(k) = xfull(k)
      yshort(k) = yfull(k)
      enddo
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
        if(e(j,k).eq.0.0d0)e(j,k)=esum
        enddo
      enddo
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
        elog = dlog10(DABS(e(j,k)))
        eshort(j,k) = DABS(elog)
        enddo
      enddo
      emax = 0.0
      emin = 20.0
      esumshort = esum
      elimit = 1.5*esumshort
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
        if(eshort(j,k).gt.emax)emax=eshort(j,k)
        if(eshort(j,k).lt. emin)emin=eshort(j,k)
        if(eshort(j,k).lt.elimit)eshort(j,k)=elimit
        enddo
      enddo
      write(*,601)emax,emin
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
        eshort(j,k) = (eshort(j,k)-elimit)/(emax-elimit)
        enddo
      enddo
      emax = 0.0
      emin = 20.0
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
        if(eshort(j,k).gt.emax)emax=eshort(j,k)
        if(eshort(j,k).lt. emin)emin=eshort(j,k)
        enddo
      enddo
      write(*,601)emax,emin
      do k=1,ngrid-1
        do j=1,ngrid-1
        eshort(j,k) = (eshort(j,k)-emin)/(emax-emin)
        enddo
      enddo
      call XMLwriter01(ngrid,xshort,yshort,eshort)
      stop
END PROGRAM MainI

dvarpi_t: <math>~\varpi_t = \tfrac{3}{4}</math>
dr_t: <math>~r_t = \tfrac{1}{4}</math>
(xfill, yfill) marks vertices, 1 --> ngrid = 50
(x, y) marks cell centers, 1 --> (ngrid-1)
Rectilinear grid with <math>~\Delta x = \Delta y = 1.5/(50 - 1)</math>
iiZone = 0

(Xstart, Xend, Ystart, Yend) = (0, 1.5, r_t, 1.5)
(nested double) Loop through all cell centers that fall within these just-defined (X, Y) boundaries
For each cell center:

call Integrate
calculate the "error", e = (1 - Volume)
update the "counter", ncount = ncount + 1
add absolute value of the "error" to accumulated error, esum
write: j, k, x, y, error

esum = esum/ncount
write: ncount, esum

Arguments of Integrate(dxx,dzz,dvarpi_t,dr_t,iiZone,TorusPot,Volume,p3,p5)

dxx: cell-centered, x(j)
dzz: cell-centered, y(k)
<math>~\varpi_t</math>
<math>~r_t</math>
iiZone
Return: TorusPot
Return: Volume
p3
p5

Testing Volume Integration

Unedited volumeI_03.for

Current Comments & Notes

      subroutine Integrate(RR,ZZ,v_t,r_t,iiZone,TorusPot,sumVol,pieceIII3,pieceIII5)
!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!  Validate PATTERN III-B
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!
      real*8 TorusPot,RR,ZZ,v_t,r_t
      real*8 kappa,C,betaPlus,betaMinus
      real*8 side,xi1Max,xi1Min
      real*8 xi1Plus,xi1Minus,xiStart,xiEnd
      real*8 grav,rho0,complete
      real   completeS,muSingle
      real*8 Phi0,mu,coef,tempbeta,AAA,BBB
      real*8 viPlus,viMinus,xi2Plus,xi2Minus,thetaMax,thetaMin
      real*8 xx,ss,term1,darg1,darg2,tMax,tMin,sumPot
      real   arg1,arg2
      real*8 volMax,volMin,sumVol,Vol0,tempsum
      real*8 xi2One,xi2minOne,volOne,volminOne,volAdd
      real*8 xi(5000),xihalf(4999)
      real*8 pieceIII5,pieceIII3
      integer n,idiag,nzones,iiZone
  201 format(1x,'RR, ZZ, v_t, r_t:',1p4d13.5)
  202 format(1x,'side, kappa, C, betaPlus, betaMinus, xi1Max, xi1Plus,&
     & xi1Minus, xi1Min')
  203 format(1x, 1p9d13.5)
      idiag = 0
      pii = 4.0d0*datan(1.0d0)
      complete = pii/2.0d0
      completeS = complete
      grav = 1.0d0
      rho0 = 1.0d0
      Phi0 = 4.0d0*dsqrt(2.0d0)*grav*rho0*RR**2/3.0d0
      Vol0 = 2.0d0*pii**2*v_t*r_t**2
      side = (v_t**2 - r_t**2)
      kappa = ZZ**2 + RR**2 - side
      C = 1.0d0 + (2.0d0*ZZ/kappa)**2*side
      betaPlus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t - r_t*dsqrt(C))/side
      betaMinus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t + r_t*dsqrt(C))/side

grav --> <math>~G = 1</math>
rho0 --> <math>~\rho_0 = 1</math>
Phi0 = 4.0d0*dsqrt(2.0d0)*grav*rho0*RR**2/3.0d0 --> <math>~\frac{2^{5 / 2}}{3}\biggl(G\rho_0 R^2\biggr)</math>
Vol0 = 2.0d0*pii**2*v_t*r_t**2 <math>~~~~\rightarrow ~~~~ 2\pi^2 \varpi_t r_t^2</math>
side = (v_t**2 - r_t**2) <math>~~~~\rightarrow~~~~ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)</math>
kappa = ZZ**2 + RR**2 - side <math>~~~~\rightarrow~~~~ \kappa = Z^2 + R^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)</math>
C = 1.0d0 + (2.0d0*ZZ/kappa)**2*side <math>~\rightarrow~~~~ C = 1 + \biggl[\frac{2Z}{Z^2 + R^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)} \biggr]^2(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)</math>
betaPlus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t - r_t*dsqrt(C))/side <math>~\beta_+ = - \frac{\kappa (\varpi_t - r_t \sqrt{C})}{ 2(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)}</math>
betaMinus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t + r_t*dsqrt(C))/side <math>~\beta_- = - \frac{\kappa (\varpi_t + r_t \sqrt{C})}{ 2(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)}</math>

      if(kappa.le.0.0d0)xi1Max = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaPlus))**2)
      if(kappa.gt.0.0d0)xi1Min = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaPlus))**2)
      pieceIII5 = RR**3*xi1Min/(2.0d0*v_t*r_t**2*(xi1Min**2-1.0d0)**1.5)
      if(kappa.le.0.0d0)xi1Min = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaMinus))**2)
      if(kappa.gt.0.0d0)xi1Max = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaMinus))**2)
      xi1Plus   = 0.0d0
      xi1Minus  = 0.0d0
      pieceIII3 = 0.0d0
      if(r_t**2.ge.ZZ**2)then
      xi1Plus  = DABS(((v_t + dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 + RR**2)/  &
     &           ((v_t + dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 - RR**2))
      endif
      if(r_t**2.ge.ZZ**2)then
      xi1Minus = DABS(((v_t - dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 + RR**2)/  &
     &           ((v_t - dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 - RR**2))
      endif
      if(r_t**2.ge.ZZ**2)then
      pieceIII3 = RR**3*xi1Minus/(2.0d0*v_t*r_t**2*(xi1Minus**2-1.0d0)**1.5)
      endif
!     write(*,201)RR,ZZ,v_t,r_t
!     write(*,202)
!     write(*,203)side,kappa,C,betaPlus,betaMinus,xi1Max,xi1Plus,xi1Minus,xi1Min

<math>~\Rightarrow~~~\mathrm{pieceIII5} = \biggl(\frac{R^3 }{ 2\varpi_t r_t^2}\biggr) \biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2} \biggl\{ \biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2} - 1 \biggr\}^{- 3 / 2}</math>

	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min}</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}</math>
<math>~\kappa \le 0</math>	<math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math>	<math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_+)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math>
<math>~\kappa > 0</math>	<math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_+)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math>	<math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math>

	<math>~\xi_1\|_-</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_+</math>	pieceIII3
<math>~r_t^2 < Z^2</math>	<math>~0</math>	<math>~0</math>	<math>~0</math>
<math>~r_t^2 \ge Z^2</math>	<math>~~~ \biggl\| \frac{ \varpi_t - \sqrt{(r_t^2 - Z^2)^2 + R^2} }{ \varpi_t - \sqrt{ (r_t^2 - Z^2)^2 - R^2 } } \biggr\|~~~</math>	<math>~~~\biggl\| \frac{ (\varpi_t + \sqrt{ r_t^2 - Z^2})^2 + R^2 }{ ( \varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z^2 } )^2 - R^2} \biggr\|~~~</math>	<math>~R^3 \xi_1\|_- \biggl[ 2\varpi_t r_t^2 ( \xi^2_1\|_- - 1)^{3 / 2}\biggr]^{- 1}</math>

! Begin 1D integration
! Specify sub-region...
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!     On 29 May 2016, modified iiZone definition to correspond with
!     online VisTrails chapter discussion:
!     User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
! ZONE II
! [iiZone = 1] Green cropped-top sub-volume
      if(iiZone .eq. 1)then
      xi1Start = xi1Minus
      xi1End = xi1Plus
! [iiZone = 3] Lower (orange) Sub-volume that shares edge with 
!              Green cropped-top sub-volume
      else if(iiZone .eq. 3)then
      xi1Start = xi1Minus
      xi1End = xi1Plus
! [iiZone = 4] (Blue) Segment to the left of Lower Sub-volume
      else if(iiZone .eq. 4)then
      xi1Start = xi1Min
      xi1End = xi1Minus
! [iiZone = 2] (Yellow) Segment to the right of Lower Sub-volume
      else if(iiZone .eq. 2)then
      xi1Start = xi1Plus
      xi1End = xi1Max
!
! ZONE III
! [iiZone = 31] (lightblue) Segment of Zone III
      else if(iiZone .eq. 31)then
      xi1End = xi1Max
      xi1Start = xi1Plus
! [iiZone = 32] (darkgreen) Segment of Zone III
      else if(iiZone .eq. 32)then
      xi1End = xi1Plus
      xi1Start = xi1Minus
! [iiZone = 33] (pink=4a) Segment of Zone III
      else if(iiZone .eq. 33)then
      xi1End = xi1Plus
      xi1Start = xi1Min
! [iiZone = 34] (red=4b) Segment of Zone III
      else if(iiZone .eq. 34)then
      xi1End = xi1Minus
      xi1Start = xi1Min
!
! ZONE I
! Full volume
      else
      xi1Start = xi1Min
      xi1End = xi1Max
      end if
! Finished specifying sub-region

Next comments.

      sumPot = 0.0d0
      sumVol = 0.0d0
      nzones = 1000
      dxi = (xi1End-xi1Start)/dfloat(nzones-1)
      xi(1) = xi1Start
      do n=2,nzones
      xi(n) = xi(n-1)+dxi
      end do
      do n=1,nzones-1
      xihalf(n) = 0.5d0*(xi(n) + xi(n+1))
      end do
! For each value of xi, evaluate these quantities
!!!!Diagnostics!!!!
  303 format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'arg2      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'tMax      = ',1pd15.7,/)
  304 format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'arg2      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'tMin      = ',1pd15.7,/)
  403 format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'volMax    = ',1pd15.7,/)
  404 format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'volMin    = ',1pd15.7,/)
  405 format(1x,'TorusPot  = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'sum       = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'Vol0      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
     &       1x,'sumVol    = ',1pd15.7,/)
! If Z0 less than radius of torus, carry out double integration 
      do n=1,nzones-1
        xx = xihalf(n)
!       xx = xi(n)
        ss = dsqrt(xx**2-1.0d0)
        mu = dsqrt(2.0d0*ss/(ss+xx))
        muSingle = mu
!       coef = dsqrt(xx+1)*ellf(completeS,muSingle)/(ss**4*dsqrt(ss+xx))
        coef = 1.0d0
        tempbeta = v_t/RR - xx/ss
        AAA = (ZZ/RR)**2 + tempbeta**2
        BBB = 2.0d0*v_t*ZZ**2/(RR*kappa) - tempbeta
        term1 = 1.0d0 - AAA*C/BBB**2
        if(term1.lt.0.0d0)term1=0.0d0
        viPlus = kappa*BBB/(2.0d0*RR**2*AAA)*(1.0d0+dsqrt(term1))
        viMinus = kappa*BBB/(2.0d0*RR**2*AAA)*(1.0d0-dsqrt(term1))
        xi2Plus = xx - ss/viPlus
        xi2Minus = xx - ss/viMinus
        thetaMax = dacos(xi2Plus)
        thetaMin = dacos(xi2Minus)
        darg2 = dsqrt(2.0d0/(1.0d0+xx))
        arg2 = darg2
! Determine T(thetaMax)...
!       darg1 = (pii - thetaMax)/2.0d0 
!       arg1 = darg1
!       tMax = dsin(thetaMax)*(5.0d0*xx**2 - 4.0d0*xx*xi2Plus - 1.0d0)&
!    &         /(dsqrt(xx + 1.0d0)*dsqrt((xx-xi2Plus)**3))&
!    &         -4.0d0*xx*elle(arg1,arg2) + (xx-1.0d0)*ellf(arg1,arg2)
!     write(*,310)ss,mu,tempbeta,AAA,BBB,viPlus,viMinus
  310 format(1x,'ss, mu, tempbeta, AAA, BBB, viPlus, viMinus:',&
     &       /,1x,1p7d15.7)
!     write(*,303)arg1,arg2,tMax 
! Determine T(thetaMin)...
!       darg1 = (pii - thetaMin)/2.0d0 
!       arg1 = darg1
!       tMin = dsin(thetaMin)*(5.0d0*xx**2 - 4.0d0*xx*xi2Minus - 1.0d0)&
!    &         /(dsqrt(xx + 1.0d0)*dsqrt((xx-xi2Minus)**3))&
!    &         -4.0d0*xx*elle(arg1,arg2) + (xx-1.0d0)*ellf(arg1,arg2)
!     write(*,304)arg1,arg2,tMin 
!!
!       sumPot = sumPot + dxi*coef*(tMax - tMin)
! TORUS VOLUME DETERMINATION...
        xi2One = 1.0d0
        xi2minOne = -1.0d0
! Determine Vol(thetaMax)...
        volMax = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2Plus**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2Plus - 1.0d0)&
     &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2Plus)**2)&
     &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2Plus - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2Plus)) 
! Determine Vol(thetaMin)...
        volMin = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2Minus**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2Minus - 1.0d0)&
     &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2Minus)**2)&
     &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2Minus - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2Minus)) 
! Determine Vol(One)...
        volOne = 0.0
!       volOne = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2One**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2One - 1.0d0)&
!    &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2One)**2)&
!    &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2One - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2One)) 
! Determine Vol(minusOne)...
        volminOne =  pii*((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5) 
!       volminOne = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2minOne**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2minOne - 1.0d0)&
!    &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2minOne)**2)&
!    &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2minOne - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2minOne)) 
! Specify sub-region...
! Full volume or similar segments ...
      if(iiZone.eq.0 .or. iiZone.eq.2 .or. iiZone.eq.4)volAdd = volMax-volMin
! [iiZone = 1] Green cropped-top sub-volume
      if(iiZone .eq. 1)volAdd = volOne - volMax
! [iiZone = 2] Lower (orange) Sub-volume that shares edge with Green cropped-top sub-volume
      if(iiZone .eq. 3)volAdd = volOne-VolMin
! [iiZone = 31] Blue sub-volume of zone III
      if(iiZone.eq.31)volAdd = volMax - volMin
! [iiZone = 32 ] Darkgreen Sub-volumes of zone III
      if(iiZone .eq. 32)volAdd = volOne - volMin 
! [iiZone = 33] Pink Sub-volumes of zone III
      if(iiZone .eq. 33)volAdd = volOne - volMax
! [iiZone = 34] Red Sub-volume zone III
      if(iiZone .eq. 34)volAdd = volMin - volminOne  
        sumVol = sumVol + dxi*volAdd
      enddo
        tempsum = sumVol
        sumVol = pii*RR**3*sumVol/Vol0
!     write(*,405)TorusPot,tempsum,Vol0,sumVol
      return
      end

Next comments.

XML Writer for Visualization

Unedited XMLwriter01.for

Current Comments & Notes

      Subroutine XMLwriter01(imax,x,y,cell_scalar)
      real x(50),y(50),z(1)
      real cell_scalar(49,49),point_scalar(50,50)
      integer imax
      integer extentX,extentY,extentZ
      integer ix0,iy0,iz0
      integer norm(50,3)
!     imax=50
      ix0=0
      iy0=0
      iz0=0
      extentX=imax-1
      extentY=imax-1
      extentZ=0
      z(1) = 0.0
! Set normal vector 1D array
      do i=1,imax
        norm(i,1)=0
        norm(i,2)=0
        norm(i,3)=1
      enddo
! Set values of point_scalar array
      do i=1,imax-1
        do j=1,imax-1
        point_scalar(i,j)=cell_scalar(i,j)
        enddo
      enddo
      do i=1,imax-1
        point_scalar(i,imax)=cell_scalar(i,imax-1)
      enddo
      do j=1,imax-1
        point_scalar(imax,j)=cell_scalar(imax-1,j)
      enddo
        point_scalar(imax,imax)=point_scalar(imax-1,imax)
! End point_scalar definition
  201 format('<?xml version="1.0"?>')
  202 format('<VTKFile type="RectilinearGrid" version="0.1" byte_order="LittleEndian">')
  302 format('</VTKFile>')
  203 format(2x,'<RectilinearGrid WholeExtent="',6I3,'">')
  303 format(2x,'</RectilinearGrid>')
  204 format(4x,'<Piece Extent="',6I3,'">')
  304 format(4x,'</Piece>')
  205 format(6x,'<CellData Scalars="cell_scalars" Normals="magnify">')
  305 format(6x,'</CellData>')
  206 format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="magnify" NumberOfComponents="3" format="ascii">')
  207 format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="cell_scalars" format="ascii">')
  399 format(8x,'</DataArray>')
  208 format(6x,'<PointData Scalars="colorful" Normals="direction">')
  308 format(6x,'</PointData>')
  209 format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="colorful" format="ascii">')
  210 format(6x,'<Coordinates>')
  310 format(6x,'</Coordinates>')
  211 format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" format="ascii" RangeMin="0" RangeMax="5">')
  212 format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" format="ascii">')
  213 format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="direction" NumberOfComponents="3" format="ascii">')
  501 format(10f9.5)
  502 format(10f9.5)
  503 format(5x,9(1x,3I2))
  504 format(10f9.5)
  505 format(5x,10(1x,3I2))
!!!!!
!
!  Begin writing out XML tags.
!
!!!!!
      write(*,201)                              !<?xml
      write(*,202)                              !VTKFile
        write(*,203)ix0,extentX,iy0,extentY,iz0,extentZ        !  RectilinearGrid
          write(*,204)ix0,extentX,iy0,extentY,iz0,extentZ      !    Piece
            write(*,205)                        !      CellData
              write(*,207)                      !        DataArray(cell_scalars)
      do j=1,imax-1
      write(*,501)(cell_scalar(i,j),i=1,imax-1)
      enddo
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
              write(*,206)                      !        DataArray(cell_scalars)
      do j=1,imax-1
      write(*,503)(norm(i,1),norm(i,2),norm(i,3),i=1,imax-1)
      enddo
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
            write(*,305)                        !      /CellData
            write(*,208)                        !      PointData
              write(*,209)                      !        DataArray(points)
      write(*,502)((point_scalar(i,j),j=1,imax),i=1,imax)
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
              write(*,213)                      !        DataArray(cell_scalars)
      do j=1,imax
      write(*,505)(norm(i,1),norm(i,2),norm(i,3),i=1,imax)
      enddo
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
            write(*,308)                        !      /PointData
            write(*,210)                        !      Coordinates
              write(*,212)                      !        DataArray(x-direction)
        write(*,504)(x(i),i=1,imax)
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
              write(*,212)                      !        DataArray(y-direction)
        write(*,504)(y(i),i=1,imax)
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
              write(*,212)                      !        DataArray(z-direction)
        write(*,504)z(1)
              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
            write(*,310)                        !      /Coordinates
          write(*,304)                          !    /Piece
        write(*,303)                            !  /RectilinearGrid
      write(*,302)                              !/VTKFile
      return
      end

dvarpi_t: <math>~\varpi_t = \tfrac{3}{4}</math>

<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1\|_\mathrm{max}\biggr]^{-2} = \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_+^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_+^2 + a^2} \biggr]^2</math>	<math>~\Rightarrow</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{max} = \frac{\Upsilon_+^2 + a^2}{\Upsilon_+^2 - a^2} \, , </math>
<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} \biggr]^{-2} = \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_-^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_-^2 + a^2} \biggr]^2 </math>	<math>~\Rightarrow</math>	<math>~\xi_1\|_\mathrm{min} = \frac{\Upsilon_-^2 + a^2}{\Upsilon_-^2 - a^2} \, . </math>

Difference between revisions of "User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits"

Latest revision as of 19:14, 1 October 2017

Contents

Toroidal-Coordinate Integration Limits

Mapping from Cylindrical to Toroidal Coordinates

Special Case Alignment

Practical Transformation

One-Dimensional Integral Equations

Volume of Circular Torus

Gravitational Potential due to a Circular Torus

Evaluation of Elliptic Integrals

Integration Limits

Zone I:

Zone II:

Partial Volume #II-1

Partial Volume #II-2

Partial Volume #II-3

Partial Volume #II-4

Summary (Zone II)

Special Case of Z₀ = 0

Zone III

Partial Volume #III-1

Partial Volume #III-2

Partial Volume #III-3

Partial Volume #III-4

Partial Volume #III-5

Summary (Zone III)

September 2017

Coming Up to Speed

Main Routine

Testing Volume Integration

XML Writer for Visualization

See Also

Navigation menu

Search

@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 </div>
+Note that when either integration limit, <math>~\gamma_i</math> or <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, is plus one, the integrand inside the curly braces becomes,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl\{~~\biggr\}_{\xi_2 = +1}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~~\rightarrow~~</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\biggl\{0
++ \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[ 1 \biggr]
+\biggr\} = 0 \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+Alternatively, when either integration limit, <math>~\gamma_i</math> or <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, is minus one, the integrand inside the curly braces becomes,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl\{~~\biggr\}^{\xi_2 = -1}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~~\rightarrow~~</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\biggl\{0
++ \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr] \cos^{-1}\biggl[- 1 \biggr]
+\biggr\} = \pi \biggl[ \frac{(2\xi_1^2 + 1)}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{5/2}}\biggr]  \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+(In principle, the arccosine of -1 could be negative &pi;, in which case the leading sign on this last expression should be flipped from positive to negative.  But empirical evidence tells us that only the positive sign is relevant to this problem.)
 ===Gravitational Potential due to a Circular Torus===
@@ Line 194: / Line 239: @@
 </table>
 </div>
+===Evaluation of Elliptic Integrals===
+We use the ''Numerical Recipes'' algorithms to evaluate elliptic integrals; and we have checked our ''use'' of these algorithms against printed tables of elliptic integrals found in my CRC handbook.  Here are the relevant steps used in confirming the proper evaluation of these functions.
+First, my CRC handbook adopts the following notation (evaluating the incomplete elliptic integral of the ''first'' kind):
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~F(k,\phi) = \int_0^\phi \frac{d\Phi}{\sqrt{1 - k^2 \sin^2\Phi}}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\theta = \sin^{-1}k \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+Alternatively, in the ''Numerical Recipes'' algorithm, the two arguments of the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind are, <math>~\mathrm{ellf}(\phi, k)</math>, where the relevant function expression is,
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~F(\phi,k)</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\int_0^\phi \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1 - k^2 \sin^2\theta}} \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+and the argument, <math>~\phi</math>, is expected to be provided in radians, instead of in degrees.
+Some example values are:
+<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="8">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="13">Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First &amp; Second Kind</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="6">CRC's &nbsp; &nbsp;<math>~F(k,\phi)</math>&nbsp;(top); &nbsp;<math>~E(k,\phi)</math>&nbsp;(bottom)</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="9" bgcolor="#DDDDDD">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="6">Numerical Recipe's &nbsp; &nbsp;<math>~F(\phi,k)</math>&nbsp;(top);&nbsp;<math>~E(\phi,k)</math>&nbsp;(bottom)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right"><math>~\theta ~~ \rightarrow</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">20&deg;</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">35&deg;</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">50&deg;</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">65&deg;</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">80&deg;</td>
+  <td align="right"><math>~k ~~ \rightarrow</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.34202014</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.57357644</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.76604444</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.90630779</td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.98480775</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\phi</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\phi</math><br />(radians)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">11&deg;</td>
+  <td align="right">0.1921<br />0.1918</td>
+  <td align="right">0.1924<br />0.1916</td>
+  <td align="right">0.1927<br />0.1913</td>
+  <td align="right">0.1930<br />0.1910</td>
+  <td align="right">0.1931<br />0.1908</td>
+  <td align="center">0.19198622</td>
+  <td align="right">0.192123431<br />0.191849180</td>
+  <td align="right">0.192373471<br />0.191600363</td>
+  <td align="right">0.192679935<br />0.191296982</td>
+  <td align="right">0.192961053<br />0.191020217</td>
+  <td align="right">0.193140116<br />0.190844685</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">23&deg;</td>
+  <td align="right">0.4027<br />0.4002</td>
+  <td align="right">0.4049<br />0.3980</td>
+  <td align="right">0.4078<br />0.3952</td>
+  <td align="right">0.4105<br />0.3927</td>
+  <td align="right">0.4123<br />0.3911</td>
+  <td align="center">0.40142573</td>
+  <td align="right">0.402656868<br />0.400201278</td>
+  <td align="right">0.404940840<br />0.397964813</td>
+  <td align="right">0.407815120<br />0.395213994</td>
+  <td align="right">0.410528813<br />0.392680594</td>
+  <td align="right">0.412298101<br />0.391061525</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">35&deg;</td>
+  <td align="right">0.6151<br />0.6067</td>
+  <td align="right">0.6231<br />0.5991</td>
+  <td align="right">0.6336<br />0.5895</td>
+  <td align="right">0.6441<br />0.5806</td>
+  <td align="right">0.6513<br />0.5748</td>
+  <td align="center">0.61086524</td>
+  <td align="right">0.615064063<br />0.606716517</td>
+  <td align="right">0.623082364<br />0.599066179</td>
+  <td align="right">0.633639464<br />0.589516635</td>
+  <td align="right">0.644149296<br />0.580570509</td>
+  <td align="right">0.651323943<br />0.574768972</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">56&deg;</td>
+  <td align="right">0.9930<br />0.9622</td>
+  <td align="right">1.0250<br />0.9335</td>
+  <td align="right">1.0725<br />0.8962</td>
+  <td align="right">1.1285<br />0.8595</td>
+  <td align="right">1.1743<br />0.8344</td>
+  <td align="center">0.97738438</td>
+  <td align="right">0.993020463<br />0.962159483</td>
+  <td align="right">1.024993767<br />0.933452135</td>
+  <td align="right">1.072482572<br />0.896220989</td>
+  <td align="right">1.128479892<br />0.859487843</td>
+  <td align="right">1.174295801<br />0.834363150</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">77&deg;</td>
+  <td align="right">1.3788<br />1.3104</td>
+  <td align="right">1.4554<br />1.2457</td>
+  <td align="right">1.5867<br />1.1580</td>
+  <td align="right">1.7909<br />1.0643</td>
+  <td align="right">2.0653<br />0.9917</td>
+  <td align="center">1.34390352</td>
+  <td align="right">1.37884243<br />1.31035009</td>
+  <td align="right">1.45540074<br />1.24566028</td>
+  <td align="right">1.58672349<br />1.15795471</td>
+  <td align="right">1.79094197<br />1.06431530</td>
+  <td align="right">2.06528894<br />0.99170032</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="3"><tr><td align="center" rowspan="2">(90&deg;)</td><td align="center"><math>~K(k)</math></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><math>~E(k)</math></td></tr></table></td>
+  <td align="right">1.6200<br />1.5238</td>
+  <td align="right">1.7312<br />1.4323</td>
+  <td align="right">1.9356<br />1.3055</td>
+  <td align="right">2.3088<br />1.1638</td>
+  <td align="right">3.1534<br />1.0401</td>
+  <td align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="3"><tr><td align="center" rowspan="2">(&pi;/2)</td><td align="center"><math>~K(k)</math></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><math>~E(k)</math></td></tr></table></td>
+  <td align="right">1.62002589<br />1.52379921</td>
+  <td align="right">1.73124518<br />1.43229097</td>
+  <td align="right">1.93558110<br />1.30553909</td>
+  <td align="right">2.30878680<br />1.16382796</td>
+  <td align="right">3.15338525<br />1.04011440</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
 ==Integration Limits==
@@ Line 221: / Line 424: @@
 In an [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Identifying_Limits_of_Integration|accompanying discussion]], we have derived the following integration limits; numerical values are given for the specific case, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>:
-<div align="center">
+<div align="center" id="LambdaLimits">
 <table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
 <tr><td align="center">
@@ Line 320: / Line 523: @@
 </table>
-Notice that we have specified these integration limits such that, in going from the lower limit <math>~(\lambda_1)</math> to the upper limit <math>~(\Lambda_1)</math>, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> monotonically increases.
+Notice that we have specified these integration limits such that, in going from the lower limit <math>~(\lambda_1)</math> to the upper limit <math>~(\Lambda_1)</math>, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> monotonically increases.  <font color="red"><b>CAUTION:</b></font> This statement is often not true.  The quantity, <math>~\kappa</math>, changes signs, depending on whether <math>~(a^2 + Z_0^2) \gtrless (\varpi_t^2 -r_t^2)</math>. When <math>~\kappa</math> changes signs, the two quantities, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> and <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> switch roles; specifically, <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math> becomes less than <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math> (or ''visa versa'').
@@ Line 442: / Line 645: @@
    </td>
    <td align="center">
-[[File:Zone_II05.png|240px|Zone II Partial Volumes]]
+[[File:Zone_II08.png|240px|Zone II Partial Volumes]]
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 448: / Line 651: @@
 </div>
+In an [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Green_Cropped-Top_Volume|accompanying discussion]], we have derived the following integration limits; example numerical values of various parameters are provided for the specific case where, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>.  Note that,
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\kappa</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~- \frac{1319}{2^4\cdot 3^2 \cdot 5^2} \approx -0.36639 \, ;</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~C</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~1 + \frac{2^5\cdot 3^6 \cdot 5^2}{(1319)^2} = \frac{2322961}{(1319)^2} \approx 1.33522 \, ;</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\beta_+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{1}{2^6\cdot 3^2\cdot 5^2} \biggl[3\cdot 1319 - \sqrt{2322961} \biggr] \approx 0.16895 \, ;</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\beta_-</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{1}{2^6\cdot 3^2\cdot 5^2} \biggl[3\cdot 1319 + \sqrt{2322961} \biggr] \approx 0.38063 \, .</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<!-- OLDER EXAMPLE
 In an [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Green_Cropped-Top_Volume|accompanying discussion]], we have derived the following integration limits; example numerical values of various parameters are provided for the specific case where, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{1}{5}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>.  Note that,
 <div align="center">
@@ Line 501: / Line 759: @@
 </table>
 </div>
+OLDER EXAMPLE -->
-====Partial Volume #1====
+====Partial Volume #II-1====
 This is the green cropped-top sub-volume identified as Partial Volume #1 (PV#1) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneII|Figure 5]], and [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Green_Cropped-Top_Volume|discussed in detail elsewhere]].
 <div align="center">
@@ Line 518: / Line 777: @@
    </td>
    <td align="left">
-<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{53}{2^2\cdot 7}
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{1489}{13\cdot 53}
-\approx 1.89286</math>
+\approx 2.16110</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 531: / Line 790: @@
    </td>
    <td align="left">
-<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{829}{17\cdot 37}
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{41\cdot 89}{7\cdot 11\cdot 37}
-\approx 1.31797</math>
+\approx 1.28080</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 578: / Line 837: @@
 </div>
-====Partial Volume #2====
+====Partial Volume #II-2====
 This is the sub-volume that is painted yellow and identified as Partial Volume #2 (PV#2) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneII|Figure 5]].
@@ Line 595: / Line 854: @@
    </td>
    <td align="left">
-<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{829}{17\cdot 37}
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{41\cdot 89}{7\cdot 11\cdot 37}
-\approx 1.31797</math>
+\approx 1.28080</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 609: / Line 868: @@
    <td align="left">
 <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
-\approx 1.20212</math>
+\approx 1.22088</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 652: / Line 911: @@
 </div>
-====Partial Volume #3====
+====Partial Volume #II-3====
 This is the sub-volume that is painted orange and identified as Partial Volume #3 (PV#3) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneII|Figure 5]].
@@ Line 670: / Line 929: @@
    </td>
    <td align="left">
-<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{53}{2^2\cdot 7}
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{1489}{13\cdot 53}
-\approx 1.89286</math>
+\approx 2.16110</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 683: / Line 942: @@
    </td>
    <td align="left">
-<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{829}{17\cdot 37}
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~ \frac{41\cdot 89}{7\cdot 11\cdot 37}
-\approx 1.31797</math>
+\approx 1.28080</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 727: / Line 986: @@
 </div>
-====Partial Volume #4====
+====Partial Volume #II-4====
-This is the sub-volume that is painted light-blue and identified as Partial Volume #4 (PV#4) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneII|Figure 5]].
+This is the sub-volume that is painted blue and identified as Partial Volume #4 (PV#4) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneII|Figure 5]].
 <div align="center">
@@ Line 746: / Line 1,005: @@
    <td align="left">
 <math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} = \biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
-\approx 2.16028</math>
+\approx 2.32125</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 758: / Line 1,017: @@
    </td>
    <td align="left">
-<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{53}{2^2\cdot 7}
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2 + a^2}{[\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2} ~\rightarrow~\frac{1489}{13\cdot 53}
-\approx 1.89286</math>
+\approx 2.16110</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 805: / Line 1,064: @@
 ====Summary (Zone II)====
-So, for a given set of the three model parameters <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t)</math> and <math>~Z_0</math> in the range, <math>~0 < Z_0 < r_t</math>,  the volume of the (pink) circular torus is determined by adding together the results of four separate 1D integrations over the "radial" toroidal coordinate <math>~(\xi_1)</math>.  As has just been detailed, the "radial" integration limits, <math>~\lambda_i \rightarrow \Lambda_i</math>, are different for each of these partial volumes.  The "radial" integrand expression for each partial volume is formally the same, but it requires a specification of both limits, <math>~\gamma_i</math> and <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, for the "angular" coordinate integration which, as has also just been detailed, depend on the value of the "radial" coordinate.  This dependence of the "angular" coordinate integration limits on the value of the "radial" coordinate is quantitatively illustrated in Figure 6 for the specific set of model parameters, <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>, and for twenty-four different values of <math>~Z_0</math>.
+In summary, for a given set of the three model parameters <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t)</math> and the fourth, <math>~Z_0</math>, in the range, <math>~0 < Z_0 < r_t</math>,  the volume of the (pink) circular torus is determined by adding together four partial volumes &#8212; that is, adding together the results of four separate 1D integrations over the "radial" toroidal coordinate <math>~(\xi_1)</math>.  Although a total of eight radial integration limits (four lower limits and four upper limits) are required to fully determine the Zone II torus volume, only four unique limiting values need to be calculated because the partial volumes share <math>~\xi_1</math> boundaries.  This has been illustrated by the black vertical dashed and dot-dashed lines in the left-hand panel of Figure 6 &#8212; and, drawing from the above discussion, the numerical values of these limits have been recorded in Table 1 &#8212; for the ''specific'' case of <math>~Z_0 = \tfrac{3}{20}</math>.
+<table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="center">
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="9">
+<font size="+1">Table 1:</font> Zone II Partial Volumes &amp; Integration Limits on <math>~\xi_1</math><p></p>
+for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #1</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #2</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #3</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Integration<p></p>Limits</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_2</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_2</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_3</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_3</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_4</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_4</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.16110</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>1.28080</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>1.28080</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>1.22088</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.16110</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>1.28080</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.32125</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.16110</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Volume<p></p>Fraction</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.14237851</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.21569718</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.63537958</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">0.0065448719</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Volume<p></p><font size="-1">(nzones = 5000)</font></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="8">1.00000014 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~\Rightarrow~</math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Error = -1.4E-7
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+While the [[#Volume_of_Circular_Torus|radial integrand expression for each partial volume]] is formally the same, it requires a specification of both limits, <math>~\gamma_i</math> and <math>~\Gamma_i</math>, for the "angular" coordinate integration which, as has also just been detailed, vary from one partial volume to the next and generally depend on the value of the radial coordinate.  This dependence of the angular coordinate integration limits on the specific value of the radial coordinate across the four separate partial volumes is quantitatively illustrated in Figure 6 for the specific set of model parameters, <math>~(a, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>, and for twenty-four different values of <math>~Z_0</math>.
-must be for in order to determine the volume of the (pink) circular torus
 <table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="center">
@@ Line 823: / Line 1,130: @@
 </tr>
 <tr>
-   <td align="left" colspan="2">
+   <td align="center" colspan="1" align="center">
-PV#1 (green), PV#2 (yellow), PV#3 (orange), PV#4 (blue)
+<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="5">
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="4">Example <math>~\xi_2</math> Limits when <math>~Z_0 = \tfrac{3}{20} = 0.15</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" width="25%">
+Partial<p></p>Volume (''i'')
+  </td>
+  <td align="center" width="25%">
+Example<p></p>
+<math>~\xi_1</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center" width="25%">
+<math>~\gamma_i</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~\Gamma_i</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" bgcolor="green"><b>#1</b></td>
+  <td align="center">2.00</td>
+   <td align="center">1.00000</td>
+   <td align="center">0.99625</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" bgcolor="yellow"><b>#2</b></td>
+  <td align="center">1.25</td>
+   <td align="center">0.91635</td>
+   <td align="center">0.99789</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" bgcolor="orange"><b>#3</b></td>
+  <td align="center">2.00</td>
+   <td align="center">0.84538</td>
+   <td align="center">1.00000</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" bgcolor="blue"><b>#4</b></td>
+  <td align="center">2.30</td>
+   <td align="center">0.94684</td>
+   <td align="center">0.98886</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+In both panels of Figure 6, at each of a variety of values of the "radial" coordinate, <math>~\xi_1</math> (horizontal axis), a pair of colored dots identify the values (vertical axis) of the two "angular" coordinate integration limits, <math>~\gamma_i</math> (lower value) and <math>~\Gamma_i</math> (upper value).  The left-hand panel has been constructed for the specific case, <math>~Z_0 = \tfrac{3}{20} = 0.15</math>; via an animation sequence, the right-hand panel shows how the limits vary with <math>~\xi_1</math> for twenty-four different values of <math>~Z_0</math> in the Zone II range <math>~(0 \leq Z_0 \leq r_t)</math>, as indicated in the lower right-hand corner of each frame.  The limits identified by yellow dots must be fed into the radial integrand expression when evaluating partial volume #2 and the blue dots provide the limits for partial volume #4.  Green dots identify the lower angular-coordinate integration limit across partial volume #1; orange dots identify the lower limit across partial volume #3; and the upper limit for both partial volume #1 and partial volume #3 is unity (black dots).  Four vertical black lines (two dashed and two dot-dashed) have been added to the plot displayed in the left-hand panel of Figure 6 in order to emphasize that the boundaries between the four partial volumes are defined by the radial-coordinate integration limits, <math>~\lambda_i</math> and <math>~\Lambda_i</math>; as has been detailed in Table 1 for the ''specific'' case <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{1}{3}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>, the boundaries occur at <math>~\xi_1 = 1.22088, 1.28080, 2.16110,</math> and <math>~2.32125</math>.
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="7"><font size="+1">Table 1b:</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Validate Pattern II</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="6">
+Integration Limits for model parameters <p></p><math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="7">[[File:Zone_II08.png|250px|Zone II Partial Volumes]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2"><math>~\infty</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">1.22088</td>
+  <td align="center">2.32125</td>
+  <td align="center">1.28080</td>
+  <td align="center">2.16110</td>
+</tr>
+<!-- TEMPORARY ...
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">Temporary</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="#FFDD00">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="#FFDD00">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="lightgreen">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="orange">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="blue">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="lightgreen">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="ORANGE">START</font></b>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+END TEMPORARY -->
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="yellow">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="lightgreen">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="blue">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="yellow">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="ORANGE">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~+1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="lightgreen">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="orange">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~-1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+====Special Case of Z<sub>0</sub> = 0====
+As has been recorded in an [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Tohline.27s_Ramblings|accompanying "Ramblings" appendix]], my inversion of the toroidal-coordinate definitions &#8212; which, by default, incorporate the assumption that <math>~Z_0 = 0</math> &#8212; has led to the following expressions:
+<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>
+~\xi_1
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>
+~=
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>
+\frac{r(r^2 + 1)}  {[\chi^2(r^2-1)^2 + \zeta^2(r^2+1)^2]^{1/2}} \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>
+~\xi_2
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>
+~=
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>
+\frac{r(r^2 - 1)}{[\chi^2(r^2-1)^2 + \zeta^2(r^2+1)^2]^{1/2}} \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+where,
+<div align="center">
+<math>
+\chi \equiv \frac{\varpi}{a} ~~~;~~~\zeta\equiv\frac{z}{a} ~~~\mathrm{and} ~~~ r=(\chi^2 + \zeta^2)^{1/2} .
+</math>
+</div>
+It seems clear that, in this special case, the first radial coordinate that encounters the ''pink'' torus <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{max})</math> should be given by the cylindrical-coordinate values, <math>~[\varpi,z] = [(\varpi_t - r_t),0]</math>; likewise the ''last'' radial coordinate <math>~(\xi_1|_\mathrm{min})</math> should be given by the cylindrical-coordinate values, <math>~[\varpi,z] = [(\varpi_t + r_t),0]</math>.  Hence, in both limits, <math>~\zeta = 0 ~~ \Rightarrow ~~
+ r = \chi</math>, which further implies,
+<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>
+~\xi_1|_\mathrm{limits}
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>
+~=
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>
+\frac{\chi(\chi^2 + 1)}  {[\chi^2(\chi^2-1)^2 ]^{1/2}} = \frac{\chi^2 + 1}  {\chi^2-1} \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+Separately, then, we expect,
+<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="5">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>
+~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>
+~=
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>
+\frac{(\varpi_t - r_t)^2 + a^2}  {(\varpi_t - r_t)^2-a^2} \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>
+~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>
+~=
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>
+\frac{(\varpi_t + r_t)^2 + a^2}  {(\varpi_t + r_t)^2-a^2} \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+By comparison, the [[#LambdaLimits|expressions that we have provided, above, for these two limits]] gives,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1|_\mathrm{max}\biggr]^{-2} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2  \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1|_\mathrm{min} \biggr]^{-2} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2 \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+where, in the special case of <math>~Z_0 = 0</math>,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\kappa</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+a^2  - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) \, ,
+</math>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\beta_\pm</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+- \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t }{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\frac{1}{2} \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) - a^2 \biggr] \biggl[ \frac{1 }{\varpi_t \pm r_t} \biggr] \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+Hence,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\varpi_t - \beta_\pm</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~ \varpi_t -
+\frac{1}{2} \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) - a^2 \biggr] \biggl[ \frac{1 }{\varpi_t \pm r_t} \biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~ \frac{1}{2(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} \biggl\{ 2\varpi_t(\varpi_t \pm r_t) -
+\biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) - a^2 \biggr]  \biggr\}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~ \frac{1}{2(\varpi_t \pm r_t )}
+\biggl\{ 2\varpi_t(\varpi_t \pm r_t) + \biggl[a^2 - (\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t) \biggr]  \biggr\}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~ \frac{1}{2}
+\biggl\{\frac{a^2}{(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} + 2\varpi_t  - (\varpi_t \mp r_t) \biggr\}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~ \frac{a}{2}
+\biggl[\frac{a}{(\varpi_t \pm r_t )} + \frac{(\varpi_t \pm r_t)}{a} \biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl( \frac{\varpi_t - \beta_\pm}{a}\biggr)</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\biggl(\frac{\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2}{2a\Upsilon_\pm} \biggr) \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+where,
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Upsilon_\pm</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\varpi_t \pm r_t \, .</math>
    </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
+</div>
+This also means that,
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~1 - \biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t - \beta_\pm}\biggr)^2</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~ 1 -
+\biggl(\frac{2a\Upsilon_\pm}{\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2} \biggr)^2
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\frac{(\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2)^2 - 4a^2\Upsilon_\pm^2}{(\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2)^2}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_\pm^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_\pm^2 + a^2}  \biggr]^2 \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+That is,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1|_\mathrm{max}\biggr]^{-2} = \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_+^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_+^2 + a^2}  \biggr]^2</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~\Rightarrow</math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} =
+\frac{\Upsilon_+^2 + a^2}{\Upsilon_+^2 - a^2}    \, ,
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl[ \xi_1|_\mathrm{min} \biggr]^{-2} = \biggl[ \frac{\Upsilon_-^2 - a^2}{\Upsilon_-^2 + a^2}  \biggr]^2 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~\Rightarrow</math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} =
+\frac{\Upsilon_-^2 + a^2}{\Upsilon_-^2 - a^2}   \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+Excellent!  This matches the earlier supposition.
+Also, given that <math>~C = 1</math> and <math>~A = B^2</math>, the pair of values, <math>~(\varpi_i/a)_\pm</math>, is degenerate and given by the expression,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_\pm</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\frac{\kappa}{2a^2 \mathrm{B}}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\frac{1}{2a^2} \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) -a^2\biggr] \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr]^{-1} \, .
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+Hence,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\xi_2\biggr|_+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1\biggl\{1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1 / 2}}{\xi_1} \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr]
+a^2 \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) -a^2\biggr]^{-1} \biggr\}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1\biggl\{1 - \biggl[\biggl( \frac{\varpi_t}{a} \biggr)\frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1 / 2}}{\xi_1}  - 1 \biggr]
+a^2 \biggl[ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2) -a^2\biggr]^{-1} \biggr\}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
 ===Zone III===
+<div align="center" id="Figure7">
 <table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="8">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="3"><font size="+1">Figure 7:  </font>&nbsp;Zone III</th>
+</tr>
 <tr>
    <td align="center">Definition</td>
    <td align="center">Schematic Example</td>
+  <td align="center">Quantitative Example: Partial Volumes Identified</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~r_t > Z_0 > 0</math><p></p>and<p></p>
+<math>~\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2} < a < \varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}</math><p></p>
+<math>~\biggl[\frac{11}{20} < a < \frac{19}{20}\biggr]</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+[[File:Apollonian_myway8B.png|240px|Apollonian Circles]]
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+[[File:LimitsOnTorus2ColoredSmall01.png|240px|Zone II Partial Volumes]]
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+Here, numerical values will be given for the specific case, <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>:
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
+\approx 8.9243615</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
+\approx 1.9116174</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+where,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\kappa</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+Z_0^2 + a^2  - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)
+</math>
+  </td>
+<td align="center">&nbsp;  <math>\rightarrow</math>  &nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{13}{2^4\cdot 5} = 0.1625
+</math>
+  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~C</math>
+  </td>
    <td align="center">
-<math>~r_t > Z_0 > 0</math><p></p>and<p></p><math>~\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2} < a < \varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}</math>
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~1 + \biggl( \frac{2Z_0}{\kappa}\biggr)^2 ( \varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)
+</math>
+  </td>
+<td align="center">&nbsp;  <math>\rightarrow</math>  &nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>\frac{457}{13^2}  \approx 2.7041420
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\beta_\pm</math>
    </td>
    <td align="center">
-[[File:Apollonian_myway8B.png|300px|Apollonian Circles]]
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+- \frac{\kappa}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\varpi_t \mp r_t \sqrt{C}}{(\varpi_t + r_t)(\varpi_t - r_t)} \biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+<td align="center">&nbsp;  <math>\rightarrow</math>  &nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-~\frac{1}{2^6\cdot 5 }\biggl[ 39 \mp \sqrt{457} \biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~\beta_+</math>
+  </td>
+<td align="center">&nbsp;  <math>\approx</math>  &nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-~0.055070130
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\beta_-</math>
+  </td>
+<td align="center">&nbsp;  <math>\approx</math>  &nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-~0.188679870
+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="right">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+&nbsp;
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+Notice that we have specified these integration limits such that, in going from the lower limit <math>~(\lambda_1)</math> to the upper limit <math>~(\Lambda_1)</math>, the value of <math>~\xi_1</math> monotonically increases.
+====Partial Volume #III-1====
+This is the sub-volume that is painted blue and identified as Partial Volume #1 (PV#1) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneIII|Figure 7]].
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Lambda_1 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{a^2 + [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}{a^2 - [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}
+~\rightarrow~ \frac{2^8+11^2}{2^8-11^2}
+\approx 2.79259</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\lambda_1 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~= </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min} =
+\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_-} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
+\approx 1.9116174</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr|_+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr|_- </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+====Partial Volume #III-2====
+This is the sub-volume that is painted green and identified as Partial Volume #2 (PV#2) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneIII|Figure 7]].
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Lambda_2 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2+a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2}
+~\rightarrow~ \frac{19^2 + 2^8}{19^2 - 2^8}
+\approx 5.87619</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\lambda_2 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{a^2 + [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}{a^2 - [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}
+~\rightarrow~ \frac{2^8+11^2}{2^8-11^2}
+\approx 2.79259</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_2 = \xi_2\biggr|_+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_2 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+====Partial Volume #III-3====
+This is the sub-volume that is painted orange and identified as Partial Volume #3 (PV#3) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneIII|Figure 7]].
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Lambda_3 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\infty</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\lambda_3 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2+a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2}
+~\rightarrow~ \frac{19^2 + 2^8}{19^2 - 2^8}
+\approx 5.87619</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_3 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
++1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_3 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+'''Alternative determination of this partial volume:'''  &nbsp; Notice that this "orange" meridional-plane segment is a (semi)circle whose cross-sectional radius is (see [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Walk_Through_Step-By-Step|accompanying discussion]]),
+<div align="center">
+<math>~r_\mathrm{orange} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{\lambda_3^2 - 1}} \, ,</math>
+</div>
+and it is associated with a circular torus whose major radius is,
+<div align="center">
+<math>~R_\mathrm{orange} = \lambda_3 r_\mathrm{orange} \, .</math>
+</div>
+Hence, using the [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Total_Mass|familiar expression for the volume of a circular torus]], we know that the volume associated with this "orange" partial volume is,
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~V_\mathrm{orange}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 2\pi^2 R_\mathrm{orange} r_\mathrm{orange}^2 \biggr] = \pi^2 \lambda_3 r_\mathrm{orange}^3
+= \frac{\pi^2 a^3 \lambda_3}{(\lambda_3^2-1)^{3/2}} </math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~\frac{V_\mathrm{orange}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\biggl(\frac{a^3}{2\varpi_t r_t^2}\biggr) \frac{\lambda_3}{(\lambda_3^2-1)^{3/2}}
+\approx 0.165291952 \, .</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+====Partial Volume #III-4====
+This is the sub-volume that is painted pink and identified as Partial Volume #4a (PV#4a) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneIII|Figure 7]].
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Lambda_4 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~= </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} =
+\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
+\approx 8.9243615</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\lambda_4 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{a^2 + [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}{a^2 - [\varpi_t - \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2}
+~\rightarrow~ \frac{2^8+11^2}{2^8-11^2}
+\approx 2.79259</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_{4a} = \xi_2\biggr|_-</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_{4a} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+This is the sub-volume that is painted red and identified as Partial Volume #4b (PV#4b) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneIII|Figure 7]].
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Lambda_4 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~= </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} =
+\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
+\approx 8.9243615</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\lambda_4 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2+a^2}{[\varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z_0^2}]^2-a^2}
+~\rightarrow~ \frac{19^2 + 2^8}{19^2 - 2^8}
+\approx 5.87619</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_{4b} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
++1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_{4b} = \xi_2\biggr|_+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+====Partial Volume #III-5====
+This is the sub-volume that is painted black and identified as Partial Volume #5 (PV#5) in the right-hand panel of [[#ZoneIII|Figure 7]].
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Lambda_5 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~= </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\infty</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\lambda_5 </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~= </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max} =
+\biggl[1-\biggl( \frac{a}{\varpi_t-\beta_+} \biggr)^2  \biggr]^{-1/2}
+\approx 8.9243615</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td>
+<td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_{5} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
++1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_{5} </math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+-1
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<!--  HIDE SEGMENT
+Also,
+<div align="center" id="Parameters">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr><td align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr|_+</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_+}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\gamma_1 = \xi_2\biggr|_-</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~
+\xi_1 - \frac{ (\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}{(\varpi_i/a)_-}
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+where, in addition to the quantities defined above,
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\biggl(\frac{\varpi_i}{a}\biggr)_\pm</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{\kappa}{2a^2}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{B}}{\mathrm{A}}
+\biggl[1 \pm \sqrt{1-\frac{AC}{B^2}}  \biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\mathrm{A}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\biggl(\frac{Z_0}{a}\biggr)^2 + \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr]^2
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\mathrm{B}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~\equiv</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\biggl(\frac{2\varpi_t Z_0^2}{a\kappa}\biggr) - \biggl[\frac{\varpi_t}{a} - \frac{\xi_1}{(\xi_1^2-1)^{1/2}}\biggr]
+</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+END HIDE SEGMENT -->
+'''Alternative determination of this partial volume:'''  &nbsp; Notice that this "black" meridional-plane segment is a (semi)circle whose cross-sectional radius is (see [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Walk_Through_Step-By-Step|accompanying discussion]]),
+<div align="center">
+<math>~r_\mathrm{black} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{\lambda_5^2 - 1}} \, ,</math>
+</div>
+and it is associated with a circular torus whose major radius is,
+<div align="center">
+<math>~R_\mathrm{black} = \lambda_5 r_\mathrm{black} \, .</math>
+</div>
+Hence, using the [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Total_Mass|familiar expression for the volume of a circular torus]], we know that the volume associated with this "black" partial volume is,
+<div align="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~V_\mathrm{black}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\frac{1}{2}\biggl[ 2\pi^2 R_\mathrm{black} r_\mathrm{black}^2 \biggr] = \pi^2 \lambda_5 r_\mathrm{black}^3
+= \frac{\pi^2 a^3 \lambda_5}{(\lambda_3^2-1)^{3/2}} </math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="right">
+<math>~\Rightarrow~~~~\frac{V_\mathrm{black}}{V_\mathrm{torus}}</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">
+<math>~=</math>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\biggl(\frac{a^3}{2\varpi_t r_t^2}\biggr) \frac{\lambda_5}{(\lambda_5^2-1)^{3/2}}
+\approx 0.06988365 \, .</math>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+====Summary (Zone III)====
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="7"><font size="+1">Table 2a:</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Validate Pattern III-A</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="6">
+Integration Limits for model parameters <p></p><math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="7">[[File:TorusTest000Sm.png|250px|Torus Test 000]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2"><math>~\infty</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">8.92436</td>
+  <td align="center">1.91162</td>
+  <td align="center">5.87619</td>
+  <td align="center">2.79259</td>
+</tr>
+<!-- TEMPORARY  <tr>
+  <td align="center">Temporary</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="blue">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="green">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="pink">START</font></b>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+END TEMPORARY-->
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="pink">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~+1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~-1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<!-- BEGIN OMIT
+<table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="center">
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="13">
+<font size="+1">Table 2:</font> Zone III Partial Volumes &amp; Integration Limits on <math>~\xi_1</math><p></p>
+for model parameters <math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{3}{20}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #1<p></p>(blue)</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #2<p></p>(green)</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #3<p></p>(orange)</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="4">PV #4<p></p>(pink)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(red)</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2">PV #5<p></p>(black)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Integration<p></p>Limits</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_2</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_2</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_3</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_3</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_{4a}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_{4a}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_{4b}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_{4b}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\lambda_5</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\Lambda_5</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.792593</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>1.911617</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>5.876190</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.792593</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>\infty</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>5.876190</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>8.924361</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>2.792593</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>8.924361</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>5.876190</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>\infty</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>8.924361</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Volume<p></p>Fraction</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2"><math>0.25309351</math></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2"><math>0.43923615</math></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2"><math>0.165291952</math></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2"><math>0.059240412</math></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2"><math>0.013254438</math></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="2"><math>0.0698836475</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total Volume<p></p><font size="-1">(nzones = 5000)</font></td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="12">1.000000110 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~\Rightarrow~</math>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Error = -1.1E-7
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+END OMIT -->
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="7"><font size="+1">Table 2b:</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Validate Pattern III-A</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="6">
+Integration Limits for model parameters <p></p><math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{4}{5}, \tfrac{1}{8}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="7">[[File:TorusTest001Sm.png|250px|Torus Test 000]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2"><math>~\infty</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">7.19569</td>
+  <td align="center">1.98820</td>
+  <td align="center">5.35175</td>
+  <td align="center">2.60173</td>
+</tr>
+<!-- TEMPORARY  <tr>
+  <td align="center">Temporary</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="blue">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="green">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="pink">START</font></b>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+END TEMPORARY-->
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="pink">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~+1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~-1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="7"><font size="+1">Table 2c:</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Validate Pattern III-A</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="6">
+Integration Limits for model parameters <p></p><math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{9}{10}, \tfrac{3}{40}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="7">[[File:TorusTest003Sm.png|250px|Torus Test 000]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2"><math>~\infty</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">11.4106</td>
+  <td align="center">1.84912</td>
+  <td align="center">10.6947</td>
+  <td align="center">1.95431</td>
+</tr>
+<!-- TEMPORARY  <tr>
+  <td align="center">Temporary</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="blue">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="green">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="pink">START</font></b>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+END TEMPORARY-->
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="blue">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="pink">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~+1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~-1</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="green">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div align="center">
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center" colspan="7"><font size="+1">Table 3a:</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;Validate Pattern III-B</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="6">
+Integration Limits for model parameters <p></p><math>~(a, Z_0, \varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{13}{20}, \tfrac{1}{10}, \tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="7">[[File:TorusTest002BSm.png|250px|Torus Test 000]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center" rowspan="2"><math>~\infty</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">2.10621</td>
+  <td align="center">5.71122</td>
+  <td align="center">2.57592</td>
+  <td align="center">4.58888</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">Temporary</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="BLUE">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="pink">START</font></b><p></p><b><font color="red">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="red">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="GREEN">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="BLUE">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="pink">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="green">START</font></b>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="BLUE">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="RED">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_2|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="BLUE">START</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="PINK">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="green">START</font></b>
+  </td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~+1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><b><font color="GREEN">END</font></b><p></p><b><font color="RED">END</font></b></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~-1</math></td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">
+<b><font color="PINK">START</font></b>
+</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="8" align="center">
+<tr><th align="center" colspan="11">
+<font size="+1">Table 4:</font> Various Zone III Partial Volumes<p></p>
+for model parameters <math>~(\varpi_t, r_t) = (\tfrac{3}{4}, \tfrac{1}{4})</math>
+</th></tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~a</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~Z_0</math></td>
+  <td align="center">nzones</td>
+  <td align="center">PV#1<p></p>(blue)</td>
+  <td align="center">PV#2<p></p>(green)</td>
+  <td align="center">PV#3<p></p>(orange)</td>
+  <td align="center">PV#4a<p></p>(pink)</td>
+  <td align="center">PV#4b<p></p>(red)</td>
+  <td align="center">PV#5<p></p>(black)</td>
+  <td align="center">Error</td>
+  <td align="center">Thumbnail</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">0.8</td>
+  <td align="center">0.15</td>
+  <td align="center">5000</td>
+  <td align="center" colspan="6">(see Table 2 for details)</td>
+  <td align="center">-1.1E-7</td>
+  <td align="center">[[File:TorusTest000Sm.png|75px|Torus Test 000]]
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">0.10</td>
+  <td align="center">5000</td>
+  <td align="center">0.075401233</td>
+  <td align="center">0.44164551</td>
+  <td align="center">0.230637507</td>
+  <td align="center">0.088778341</td>
+  <td align="center">0.010790998</td>
+  <td align="center">0.152746462</td>
+  <td align="center">-4.8E-8</td>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center">0.125</td>
+  <td align="center">5000</td>
+  <td align="center">0.14811529</td>
+  <td align="center">0.45526220</td>
+  <td align="center">0.201121481</td>
+  <td align="center">0.073678658</td>
+  <td align="center">0.013215276</td>
+  <td align="center">0.108607177</td>
+  <td align="center">-8.7E-8</td>
+  <td align="center">[[File:TorusTest001Sm.png|75px|Torus Test 001]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">0.65</td>
+  <td align="center">0.1</td>
+  <td align="center">5000</td>
+  <td align="center">0.21505365</td>
+  <td align="center">0.38298966</td>
+  <td align="center">0.149641005</td>
+  <td align="center">0.0028992093</td>
+  <td align="center">0.15531546</td>
+  <td align="center">0.0941011094</td>
+  <td align="center">-9.6E-8</td>
+  <td align="center">[[File:TorusTest002BSm.png|75px|Torus Test 002]]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">0.9</td>
+  <td align="center">0.075</td>
+  <td align="center">5000</td>
+  <td align="center">0.013247868</td>
+  <td align="center">0.60594555</td>
+  <td align="center">0.0688878257</td>
+  <td align="center">0.25103223</td>
+  <td align="center">0.00046944204</td>
+  <td align="center">0.0604172907</td>
+  <td align="center">-2.0E-7</td>
+  <td align="center">[[File:TorusTest003Sm.png|75px|Torus Test 003]]</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+=September 2017=
+==Coming Up to Speed==
+I am returning to this problem after letting it lay dormant for more than 14 months.  These notes are being recorded as I try to decipher the fortran code that I have previously developed.  Here is a screenshot from philip.hpc.lsu.edu that will help me archive the dates various fortran routines were last edited.
+<div align="center">
+[[File:PhilipScreenshot01.png|400px|Screenshot of philip.hpc.lsu.edu]][[File:WarpedSurfaceZ0.png|400px|Added Z0 = 0 seam to warped surface]]
+<!--[[File:PlayWithPieces.png|350px|Early playing with ZoneII pieces]]-->
+</div>
+Let's start by reviewing the pair of routines (''mainI_03.for'',''volumeI_03.for'') which, presumably, integrate over the region labeled, [[#Zone_I:|Zone I]], above.
+===Main Routine===
+<table border="1" align="center" width="90%">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center">Unedited ''mainI_03.for''</th>
+  <th align="center">Current Comments &amp; Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">
+<pre>
+June 12, 2016
+ZoneI -- mainI_03.for
+(Generates good Vistrails error map.)
+========================================
+PROGRAM MainI
+      real*8 dxx,dzz,dvarpi_t,dr_t,TorusPot,Volume,total,error
+      real*8 p3,p5
+      real*8 griddx,Xstart,Xend,Ystart,Yend,gridedge
+      real*8 x(49),y(49),xfull(50),yfull(50)
+      real*8 e(49,49),esum
+      real*8 elog
+      real   emax,emin
+      real   esumshort,elimit
+      real   eshort(49,49),xshort(50),yshort(50)
+      integer iiZone,ngrid,i,j,k,ncount
+format(1x,'Zone I:',5x,'Xstart, Xend, Ystart, Yend = ',&
+     &1P4d14.5)
+format(1x,' j ',' k ',7X,'x',14X,'y',10X,'error')
+format(2I5,1p3d15.6)
+format(5x,'Across ',I6,' zones, the average error = ',1p1d15.2)
+format(1x,'emax, emin = ',1p2E15.3)
+      dvarpi_t = 0.75d0
+      dr_t = 0.25d0
+      ngrid = 50
+      gridedge = 1.5d0
+      griddx = gridedge/dfloat(ngrid-1)
+      xfull(1)=0.0d0
+      yfull(1)=0.0d0
+      do i=2,ngrid
+      xfull(i) = xfull(i-1)+griddx
+      yfull(i) = yfull(i-1)+0.5d0*griddx
+      enddo
+      x(1)=0.5d0*griddx
+      y(1)=0.5d0*griddx
+      do i=2,ngrid-1
+      x(i) = x(i-1)+griddx
+      y(i) = y(i-1)+0.5d0*griddx
+      enddo
+      do j=1,ngrid-1
+        do k=1,ngrid-1
+        e(j,k)=0.0d0
+        enddo
+      enddo
+!******
+!
+!  Zone I
+!
+!******
+! [iiZone = 0] Full Volume
+!
+      iizone = 0
+      Xstart = 0.0d0
+      Xend   = gridedge
+      Ystart = dr_t
+      Yend   = y(ngrid-1)+0.5d0*griddx
+      write(*,151)Xstart,Xend,Ystart,Yend
+      write(*,152)
+      ncount=0
+      esum=0.0d0
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+          if(x(j).gt.Xstart .and. x(j).lt.Xend)then
+            if(y(k).gt.Ystart .and. y(k).lt.Yend)then
+            dxx = x(j)
+            dzz = y(k)
+        total = 0.0d0
+        call Integrate(dxx,dzz,dvarpi_t,dr_t,iiZone,TorusPot,Volume,p3,p5)
+        e(j,k) = (1.0d0-Volume)
+        ncount=ncount+1
+        esum = esum + DABS(e(j,k))
+        write(*,153)j,k,x(j),y(k),e(j,k)
+            endif
+          endif
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      esum = esum/ncount
+      write(*,154)ncount,esum
+! Prepare for XMLwriter
+      do k=1,ngrid
+      xshort(k) = xfull(k)
+      yshort(k) = yfull(k)
+      enddo
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+        if(e(j,k).eq.0.0d0)e(j,k)=esum
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+        elog = dlog10(DABS(e(j,k)))
+        eshort(j,k) = DABS(elog)
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      emax = 0.0
+      emin = 20.0
+      esumshort = esum
+      elimit = 1.5*esumshort
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+        if(eshort(j,k).gt.emax)emax=eshort(j,k)
+        if(eshort(j,k).lt. emin)emin=eshort(j,k)
+        if(eshort(j,k).lt.elimit)eshort(j,k)=elimit
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      write(*,601)emax,emin
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+        eshort(j,k) = (eshort(j,k)-elimit)/(emax-elimit)
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      emax = 0.0
+      emin = 20.0
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+        if(eshort(j,k).gt.emax)emax=eshort(j,k)
+        if(eshort(j,k).lt. emin)emin=eshort(j,k)
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      write(*,601)emax,emin
+      do k=1,ngrid-1
+        do j=1,ngrid-1
+        eshort(j,k) = (eshort(j,k)-emin)/(emax-emin)
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      call XMLwriter01(ngrid,xshort,yshort,eshort)
+      stop
+END PROGRAM MainI
+</pre>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left" width="50%">
+<ul>
+<li>dvarpi_t: &nbsp; <math>~\varpi_t = \tfrac{3}{4}</math></li>
+<li>dr_t: &nbsp; <math>~r_t = \tfrac{1}{4}</math></li>
+<li>(xfill, yfill) marks vertices, 1 --> ngrid = 50</li>
+<li>(x, y)  marks cell centers, 1 --> (ngrid-1)</li>
+<li>Rectilinear grid with <math>~\Delta x = \Delta y = 1.5/(50 - 1)</math></li>
+<li>iiZone = 0</li>
+<ul>
+<li><font color="red">(Xstart, Xend, Ystart, Yend)</font> = (0, 1.5, r_t, 1.5)</li>
+<li>(nested double) Loop through all cell ''centers'' that fall within these just-defined (X, Y) boundaries</li>
+<li>For each cell center:</li>
+<ul>
+<li>call ''Integrate''</li>
+<li>calculate the "error", e = (1 - Volume)</li>
+<li>update the "counter", ncount = ncount + 1
+<li>add absolute value of the "error" to accumulated error, esum
+<li>write: <font color="red">j, k, x, y, error</font></li>
+</ul>
+<li>esum = esum/ncount</li>
+<li>write: <font color="red">ncount, esum</font></li>
+</ul>
+</ul>
+----
+<ul>
+  <li>Arguments of Integrate(dxx,dzz,dvarpi_t,dr_t,iiZone,TorusPot,Volume,p3,p5)</li>
+  <ul>
+    <li>dxx: &nbsp; cell-centered, x(j)</li>
+    <li>dzz: &nbsp; cell-centered, y(k)</li>
+    <li><math>~\varpi_t</math></li>
+    <li><math>~r_t</math></li>
+    <li>iiZone</li>
+    <li><font color="darkblue">Return:</font> &nbsp; TorusPot</li>
+    <li><font color="darkblue">Return:</font> &nbsp; Volume</li>
+    <li>p3</li>
+    <li>p5</li>
+  </ul>
+</ul>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+===Testing Volume Integration===
+<table border="1" align="center" width="90%">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center">Unedited ''volumeI_03.for''</th>
+  <th align="center">Current Comments &amp; Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">
+<pre>
+      subroutine Integrate(RR,ZZ,v_t,r_t,iiZone,TorusPot,sumVol,pieceIII3,pieceIII5)
+!!!!!!!!!!!!
+!
+!  Validate PATTERN III-B
+!
+!!!!!!!!!!!!
+      real*8 TorusPot,RR,ZZ,v_t,r_t
+      real*8 kappa,C,betaPlus,betaMinus
+      real*8 side,xi1Max,xi1Min
+      real*8 xi1Plus,xi1Minus,xiStart,xiEnd
+      real*8 grav,rho0,complete
+      real   completeS,muSingle
+      real*8 Phi0,mu,coef,tempbeta,AAA,BBB
+      real*8 viPlus,viMinus,xi2Plus,xi2Minus,thetaMax,thetaMin
+      real*8 xx,ss,term1,darg1,darg2,tMax,tMin,sumPot
+      real   arg1,arg2
+      real*8 volMax,volMin,sumVol,Vol0,tempsum
+      real*8 xi2One,xi2minOne,volOne,volminOne,volAdd
+      real*8 xi(5000),xihalf(4999)
+      real*8 pieceIII5,pieceIII3
+      integer n,idiag,nzones,iiZone
+format(1x,'RR, ZZ, v_t, r_t:',1p4d13.5)
+format(1x,'side, kappa, C, betaPlus, betaMinus, xi1Max, xi1Plus,&
+     & xi1Minus, xi1Min')
+format(1x, 1p9d13.5)
+      idiag = 0
+      pii = 4.0d0*datan(1.0d0)
+      complete = pii/2.0d0
+      completeS = complete
+      grav = 1.0d0
+      rho0 = 1.0d0
+      Phi0 = 4.0d0*dsqrt(2.0d0)*grav*rho0*RR**2/3.0d0
+      Vol0 = 2.0d0*pii**2*v_t*r_t**2
+      side = (v_t**2 - r_t**2)
+      kappa = ZZ**2 + RR**2 - side
+      C = 1.0d0 + (2.0d0*ZZ/kappa)**2*side
+      betaPlus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t - r_t*dsqrt(C))/side
+      betaMinus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t + r_t*dsqrt(C))/side
+</pre>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left" width="50%">
+<ul>
+<li>grav --> <math>~G = 1</math></li>
+<li>rho0 --> <math>~\rho_0 = 1</math></li>
+<li>Phi0 = 4.0d0*dsqrt(2.0d0)*grav*rho0*RR**2/3.0d0 --> <math>~\frac{2^{5 / 2}}{3}\biggl(G\rho_0 R^2\biggr)</math></li>
+<li>Vol0 = 2.0d0*pii**2*v_t*r_t**2 &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~~~~\rightarrow ~~~~ 2\pi^2 \varpi_t r_t^2</math></li>
+<li>side = (v_t**2 - r_t**2) &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~~~~\rightarrow~~~~ (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)</math></li>
+<li>kappa = ZZ**2 + RR**2 - side &nbsp; &nbsp; <math>~~~~\rightarrow~~~~ \kappa = Z^2 + R^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)</math></li>
+<li>C = 1.0d0 + (2.0d0*ZZ/kappa)**2*side &nbsp; &nbsp;  <math>~\rightarrow~~~~ C = 1 + \biggl[\frac{2Z}{Z^2 + R^2 - (\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)} \biggr]^2(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)</math></li>
+<li>betaPlus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t - r_t*dsqrt(C))/side &nbsp; &nbsp;  <math>~\beta_+ = - \frac{\kappa (\varpi_t - r_t \sqrt{C})}{ 2(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)}</math></li>
+<li>betaMinus = -(kappa/2.0d0)*(v_t + r_t*dsqrt(C))/side &nbsp; &nbsp;  <math>~\beta_- = - \frac{\kappa (\varpi_t + r_t \sqrt{C})}{ 2(\varpi_t^2 - r_t^2)}</math></li>
+</ul>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">
+<pre>
+      if(kappa.le.0.0d0)xi1Max = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaPlus))**2)
+      if(kappa.gt.0.0d0)xi1Min = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaPlus))**2)
+      pieceIII5 = RR**3*xi1Min/(2.0d0*v_t*r_t**2*(xi1Min**2-1.0d0)**1.5)
+      if(kappa.le.0.0d0)xi1Min = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaMinus))**2)
+      if(kappa.gt.0.0d0)xi1Max = 1.0d0/dsqrt(1.0d0-(RR/(v_t-betaMinus))**2)
+      xi1Plus   = 0.0d0
+      xi1Minus  = 0.0d0
+      pieceIII3 = 0.0d0
+      if(r_t**2.ge.ZZ**2)then
+      xi1Plus  = DABS(((v_t + dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 + RR**2)/  &
+     &           ((v_t + dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 - RR**2))
+      endif
+      if(r_t**2.ge.ZZ**2)then
+      xi1Minus = DABS(((v_t - dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 + RR**2)/  &
+     &           ((v_t - dsqrt(r_t**2 - ZZ**2))**2 - RR**2))
+      endif
+      if(r_t**2.ge.ZZ**2)then
+      pieceIII3 = RR**3*xi1Minus/(2.0d0*v_t*r_t**2*(xi1Minus**2-1.0d0)**1.5)
+      endif
+!     write(*,201)RR,ZZ,v_t,r_t
+!     write(*,202)
+!     write(*,203)side,kappa,C,betaPlus,betaMinus,xi1Max,xi1Plus,xi1Minus,xi1Min
+</pre>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+<math>~\Rightarrow~~~\mathrm{pieceIII5} = \biggl(\frac{R^3  }{ 2\varpi_t r_t^2}\biggr) \biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2} \biggl\{ \biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2} - 1 \biggr\}^{- 3 / 2}</math>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{min}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_\mathrm{max}</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\kappa \le 0</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_+)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\kappa > 0</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_+)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\biggl[ 1 - \frac{R^2}{(\varpi_t - \beta_-)^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2}</math></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="5" align="center">
+<tr>
+  <td align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_-</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~\xi_1|_+</math></td>
+  <td align="center">pieceIII3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~r_t^2 < Z^2</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~0</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~0</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~0</math></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="center"><math>~r_t^2 \ge Z^2</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~~~ \biggl| \frac{ \varpi_t - \sqrt{(r_t^2 - Z^2)^2 + R^2} }{ \varpi_t - \sqrt{ (r_t^2 - Z^2)^2 - R^2 } } \biggr|~~~</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~~~\biggl| \frac{ (\varpi_t + \sqrt{ r_t^2 - Z^2})^2 + R^2 }{ ( \varpi_t + \sqrt{r_t^2 - Z^2 } )^2 - R^2} \biggr|~~~</math></td>
+  <td align="center"><math>~R^3 \xi_1|_- \biggl[ 2\varpi_t r_t^2 ( \xi^2_1|_- - 1)^{3 / 2}\biggr]^{- 1}</math></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">
+<pre>
+! Begin 1D integration
+! Specify sub-region...
+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+!
+!     On 29 May 2016, modified iiZone definition to correspond with
+!     online VisTrails chapter discussion:
+!     User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits
+!
+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+!
+! ZONE II
+! [iiZone = 1] Green cropped-top sub-volume
+      if(iiZone .eq. 1)then
+      xi1Start = xi1Minus
+      xi1End = xi1Plus
+! [iiZone = 3] Lower (orange) Sub-volume that shares edge with
+!              Green cropped-top sub-volume
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 3)then
+      xi1Start = xi1Minus
+      xi1End = xi1Plus
+! [iiZone = 4] (Blue) Segment to the left of Lower Sub-volume
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 4)then
+      xi1Start = xi1Min
+      xi1End = xi1Minus
+! [iiZone = 2] (Yellow) Segment to the right of Lower Sub-volume
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 2)then
+      xi1Start = xi1Plus
+      xi1End = xi1Max
+!
+! ZONE III
+! [iiZone = 31] (lightblue) Segment of Zone III
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 31)then
+      xi1End = xi1Max
+      xi1Start = xi1Plus
+! [iiZone = 32] (darkgreen) Segment of Zone III
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 32)then
+      xi1End = xi1Plus
+      xi1Start = xi1Minus
+! [iiZone = 33] (pink=4a) Segment of Zone III
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 33)then
+      xi1End = xi1Plus
+      xi1Start = xi1Min
+! [iiZone = 34] (red=4b) Segment of Zone III
+      else if(iiZone .eq. 34)then
+      xi1End = xi1Minus
+      xi1Start = xi1Min
+!
+! ZONE I
+! Full volume
+      else
+      xi1Start = xi1Min
+      xi1End = xi1Max
+      end if
+! Finished specifying sub-region
+</pre>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+Next comments.
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">
+<pre>
+      sumPot = 0.0d0
+      sumVol = 0.0d0
+      nzones = 1000
+      dxi = (xi1End-xi1Start)/dfloat(nzones-1)
+      xi(1) = xi1Start
+      do n=2,nzones
+      xi(n) = xi(n-1)+dxi
+      end do
+      do n=1,nzones-1
+      xihalf(n) = 0.5d0*(xi(n) + xi(n+1))
+      end do
+! For each value of xi, evaluate these quantities
+!!!!Diagnostics!!!!
+format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'arg2      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'tMax      = ',1pd15.7,/)
+format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'arg2      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'tMin      = ',1pd15.7,/)
+format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'volMax    = ',1pd15.7,/)
+format(1x,'arg1      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'volMin    = ',1pd15.7,/)
+format(1x,'TorusPot  = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'sum       = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'Vol0      = ',1pd15.7,/,&
+     &       1x,'sumVol    = ',1pd15.7,/)
+! If Z0 less than radius of torus, carry out double integration
+      do n=1,nzones-1
+        xx = xihalf(n)
+!       xx = xi(n)
+        ss = dsqrt(xx**2-1.0d0)
+        mu = dsqrt(2.0d0*ss/(ss+xx))
+        muSingle = mu
+!       coef = dsqrt(xx+1)*ellf(completeS,muSingle)/(ss**4*dsqrt(ss+xx))
+        coef = 1.0d0
+        tempbeta = v_t/RR - xx/ss
+        AAA = (ZZ/RR)**2 + tempbeta**2
+        BBB = 2.0d0*v_t*ZZ**2/(RR*kappa) - tempbeta
+        term1 = 1.0d0 - AAA*C/BBB**2
+        if(term1.lt.0.0d0)term1=0.0d0
+        viPlus = kappa*BBB/(2.0d0*RR**2*AAA)*(1.0d0+dsqrt(term1))
+        viMinus = kappa*BBB/(2.0d0*RR**2*AAA)*(1.0d0-dsqrt(term1))
+        xi2Plus = xx - ss/viPlus
+        xi2Minus = xx - ss/viMinus
+        thetaMax = dacos(xi2Plus)
+        thetaMin = dacos(xi2Minus)
+        darg2 = dsqrt(2.0d0/(1.0d0+xx))
+        arg2 = darg2
+! Determine T(thetaMax)...
+!       darg1 = (pii - thetaMax)/2.0d0
+!       arg1 = darg1
+!       tMax = dsin(thetaMax)*(5.0d0*xx**2 - 4.0d0*xx*xi2Plus - 1.0d0)&
+!    &         /(dsqrt(xx + 1.0d0)*dsqrt((xx-xi2Plus)**3))&
+!    &         -4.0d0*xx*elle(arg1,arg2) + (xx-1.0d0)*ellf(arg1,arg2)
+!     write(*,310)ss,mu,tempbeta,AAA,BBB,viPlus,viMinus
+format(1x,'ss, mu, tempbeta, AAA, BBB, viPlus, viMinus:',&
+     &       /,1x,1p7d15.7)
+!     write(*,303)arg1,arg2,tMax
+! Determine T(thetaMin)...
+!       darg1 = (pii - thetaMin)/2.0d0
+!       arg1 = darg1
+!       tMin = dsin(thetaMin)*(5.0d0*xx**2 - 4.0d0*xx*xi2Minus - 1.0d0)&
+!    &         /(dsqrt(xx + 1.0d0)*dsqrt((xx-xi2Minus)**3))&
+!    &         -4.0d0*xx*elle(arg1,arg2) + (xx-1.0d0)*ellf(arg1,arg2)
+!     write(*,304)arg1,arg2,tMin
+!!
+!       sumPot = sumPot + dxi*coef*(tMax - tMin)
+! TORUS VOLUME DETERMINATION...
+        xi2One = 1.0d0
+        xi2minOne = -1.0d0
+! Determine Vol(thetaMax)...
+        volMax = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2Plus**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2Plus - 1.0d0)&
+     &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2Plus)**2)&
+     &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2Plus - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2Plus))
+! Determine Vol(thetaMin)...
+        volMin = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2Minus**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2Minus - 1.0d0)&
+     &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2Minus)**2)&
+     &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2Minus - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2Minus))
+! Determine Vol(One)...
+        volOne = 0.0
+!       volOne = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2One**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2One - 1.0d0)&
+!    &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2One)**2)&
+!    &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2One - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2One))
+! Determine Vol(minusOne)...
+        volminOne =  pii*((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)
+!       volminOne = dsqrt(1.0d0-xi2minOne**2)*(4.0d0*xx**2 - 3.0d0*xx*xi2minOne - 1.0d0)&
+!    &         /(ss**4*(xx-xi2minOne)**2)&
+!    &         + ((2.0d0*xx**2+1.0d0)/ss**5)*dacos((xx*xi2minOne - 1.0d0)/(xx-xi2minOne))
+! Specify sub-region...
+! Full volume or similar segments ...
+      if(iiZone.eq.0 .or. iiZone.eq.2 .or. iiZone.eq.4)volAdd = volMax-volMin
+! [iiZone = 1] Green cropped-top sub-volume
+      if(iiZone .eq. 1)volAdd = volOne - volMax
+! [iiZone = 2] Lower (orange) Sub-volume that shares edge with Green cropped-top sub-volume
+      if(iiZone .eq. 3)volAdd = volOne-VolMin
+! [iiZone = 31] Blue sub-volume of zone III
+      if(iiZone.eq.31)volAdd = volMax - volMin
+! [iiZone = 32 ] Darkgreen Sub-volumes of zone III
+      if(iiZone .eq. 32)volAdd = volOne - volMin
+! [iiZone = 33] Pink Sub-volumes of zone III
+      if(iiZone .eq. 33)volAdd = volOne - volMax
+! [iiZone = 34] Red Sub-volume zone III
+      if(iiZone .eq. 34)volAdd = volMin - volminOne
+        sumVol = sumVol + dxi*volAdd
+      enddo
+        tempsum = sumVol
+        sumVol = pii*RR**3*sumVol/Vol0
+!     write(*,405)TorusPot,tempsum,Vol0,sumVol
+      return
+      end
+</pre>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left">
+Next comments.
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+===XML Writer for Visualization===
+<table border="1" align="center" width="90%">
+<tr>
+  <th align="center">Unedited ''XMLwriter01.for''</th>
+  <th align="center">Current Comments &amp; Notes</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align="left">
+<pre>
+      Subroutine XMLwriter01(imax,x,y,cell_scalar)
+      real x(50),y(50),z(1)
+      real cell_scalar(49,49),point_scalar(50,50)
+      integer imax
+      integer extentX,extentY,extentZ
+      integer ix0,iy0,iz0
+      integer norm(50,3)
+!     imax=50
+      ix0=0
+      iy0=0
+      iz0=0
+      extentX=imax-1
+      extentY=imax-1
+      extentZ=0
+      z(1) = 0.0
+! Set normal vector 1D array
+      do i=1,imax
+        norm(i,1)=0
+        norm(i,2)=0
+        norm(i,3)=1
+      enddo
+! Set values of point_scalar array
+      do i=1,imax-1
+        do j=1,imax-1
+        point_scalar(i,j)=cell_scalar(i,j)
+        enddo
+      enddo
+      do i=1,imax-1
+        point_scalar(i,imax)=cell_scalar(i,imax-1)
+      enddo
+      do j=1,imax-1
+        point_scalar(imax,j)=cell_scalar(imax-1,j)
+      enddo
+        point_scalar(imax,imax)=point_scalar(imax-1,imax)
+! End point_scalar definition
+format('<?xml version="1.0"?>')
+format('<VTKFile type="RectilinearGrid" version="0.1" byte_order="LittleEndian">')
+format('</VTKFile>')
+format(2x,'<RectilinearGrid WholeExtent="',6I3,'">')
+format(2x,'</RectilinearGrid>')
+format(4x,'<Piece Extent="',6I3,'">')
+format(4x,'</Piece>')
+format(6x,'<CellData Scalars="cell_scalars" Normals="magnify">')
+format(6x,'</CellData>')
+format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="magnify" NumberOfComponents="3" format="ascii">')
+format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="cell_scalars" format="ascii">')
+format(8x,'</DataArray>')
+format(6x,'<PointData Scalars="colorful" Normals="direction">')
+format(6x,'</PointData>')
+format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="colorful" format="ascii">')
+format(6x,'<Coordinates>')
+format(6x,'</Coordinates>')
+format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" format="ascii" RangeMin="0" RangeMax="5">')
+format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" format="ascii">')
+format(8x,'<DataArray type="Float32" Name="direction" NumberOfComponents="3" format="ascii">')
+format(10f9.5)
+format(10f9.5)
+format(5x,9(1x,3I2))
+format(10f9.5)
+format(5x,10(1x,3I2))
+!!!!!
+!
+!  Begin writing out XML tags.
+!
+!!!!!
+      write(*,201)                              !<?xml
+      write(*,202)                              !VTKFile
+        write(*,203)ix0,extentX,iy0,extentY,iz0,extentZ        !  RectilinearGrid
+          write(*,204)ix0,extentX,iy0,extentY,iz0,extentZ      !    Piece
+            write(*,205)                        !      CellData
+              write(*,207)                      !        DataArray(cell_scalars)
+      do j=1,imax-1
+      write(*,501)(cell_scalar(i,j),i=1,imax-1)
+      enddo
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+              write(*,206)                      !        DataArray(cell_scalars)
+      do j=1,imax-1
+      write(*,503)(norm(i,1),norm(i,2),norm(i,3),i=1,imax-1)
+      enddo
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+            write(*,305)                        !      /CellData
+            write(*,208)                        !      PointData
+              write(*,209)                      !        DataArray(points)
+      write(*,502)((point_scalar(i,j),j=1,imax),i=1,imax)
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+              write(*,213)                      !        DataArray(cell_scalars)
+      do j=1,imax
+      write(*,505)(norm(i,1),norm(i,2),norm(i,3),i=1,imax)
+      enddo
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+            write(*,308)                        !      /PointData
+            write(*,210)                        !      Coordinates
+              write(*,212)                      !        DataArray(x-direction)
+        write(*,504)(x(i),i=1,imax)
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+              write(*,212)                      !        DataArray(y-direction)
+        write(*,504)(y(i),i=1,imax)
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+              write(*,212)                      !        DataArray(z-direction)
+        write(*,504)z(1)
+              write(*,399)                      !        /DataArray
+            write(*,310)                        !      /Coordinates
+          write(*,304)                          !    /Piece
+        write(*,303)                            !  /RectilinearGrid
+      write(*,302)                              !/VTKFile
+      return
+      end
+</pre>
+  </td>
+  <td align="left" width="50%">
+<ul>
+<li>dvarpi_t: &nbsp; <math>~\varpi_t = \tfrac{3}{4}</math></li>
+</ul>
    </td>
 </tr>
@@ Line 849: / Line 3,568: @@
 =See Also=
 * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_coordinates Wikipedia's discussion of Toroidal Coordinates]
+* [[User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinates#Using_Toroidal_Coordinates_to_Determine_the_Gravitational_Potential|Determining the Gravitational Potential Using Toroidal Coordinates]]
+* Ramblings Appendix Chapter: [[User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ToroidalCoordinates#Toroidal_Configurations_and_Related_Coordinate_Systems|Determining the Relationships between Toroidal Coordinates and other Coordinate Systems]]
 &nbsp;<br />
 {{LSU_HBook_footer}}

Difference between revisions of "User:Tohline/2DStructure/ToroidalCoordinateIntegrationLimits"

Latest revision as of 19:14, 1 October 2017

Toroidal-Coordinate Integration Limits

Mapping from Cylindrical to Toroidal Coordinates

Special Case Alignment

Practical Transformation

One-Dimensional Integral Equations

Volume of Circular Torus

Gravitational Potential due to a Circular Torus

Evaluation of Elliptic Integrals

Integration Limits

Zone I:

Zone II:

Partial Volume #II-1

Partial Volume #II-2

Partial Volume #II-3

Partial Volume #II-4

Summary (Zone II)

Special Case of Z0 = 0

Zone III

Partial Volume #III-1

Partial Volume #III-2

Partial Volume #III-3

Partial Volume #III-4

Partial Volume #III-5

Summary (Zone III)

September 2017

Coming Up to Speed

Main Routine

Testing Volume Integration

XML Writer for Visualization

See Also

Navigation menu

Search

Special Case of Z₀ = 0