User:Tohline/H Book

Preface from the original version of this HyperText Book (H_Book):

November 18, 1994

Much of our present, basic understanding of the structure, stability, and dynamical evolution of individual stars, short-period binary star systems, and the gaseous disks that are associated with numerous types of stellar systems (including galaxies) is derived from an examination of the behavior of a specific set of coupled, partial differential equations. These equations — most of which also are heavily utilized in studies of continuum flows in terrestrial environments — are thought to govern the underlying physics of all macroscopic "fluid" systems in astronomy. Although relatively simple in form, they prove to be very rich in nature... <more>

Pictorial Table of Contents

• Pictorial Table of Contents

Context

• Principal Governing Equations
  • Continuity Equation
  • Euler Equation
    • Rotating Reference Frame
    • Jay Call's Hybrid Scheme
  • <math>1^\mathrm{st}</math> Law of Thermodynamics
  • Poisson Equation

• Supplemental Relations
  • Total Pressure
    • Quartic Temperature Solution

• Global Energy Considerations

Applications

Spherically Symmetric Configurations

Introduction (Alternate Introduction)

Structure:

Here we show how the set of principal governing equations (PGEs) may be solved to determine the equilibrium structure of spherically symmetric fluid configurations — such as individual, nonrotating stars. After supplementing the PGEs by specifying an equation of state of the fluid, the system of equations is usually solved by employing one of three techniques to obtain a "detailed force-balanced" model that provides the radius, <math>~R_\mathrm{eq}</math>, of the equilibrium configuration — given its mass, <math>~M</math>, and central pressure, <math>~P_c</math>, for example — as well as details regarding the internal radial profiles of the mass-density and fluid pressure. As our various discussions illustrate, simply varying the power-law index, <math>~n</math>, in a polytropic equation of state,

Free-Energy Surface

<math>~P</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~K \rho^{(n+1)/n} \, ,</math>

gives rise to equilibrium configurations that have a wide variety of internal structural profiles.

If one is not particularly concerned about details regarding the distribution of matter within the equilibrium configuration, a good estimate of the size of the equilibrium system can be determined by assuming a uniform-density structure then identifying local extrema in the system's global free energy. An illustrative, undulating free-energy surface is displayed here, on the right; blue dots identify equilibria associated with a "valley" of the free-energy surface while white dots identify equilibria that lie along a "ridge" in the free-energy surface.

In the astrophysics community, the mathematical relation that serves to define the properties of configurations that are associated with such free-energy extrema is often referred to as the scalar virial theorem. Specifically, for isolated systems in virial equilibrium, the following relation between configuration parameters holds:

<math>~\frac{GM^2}{P_c R_\mathrm{eq}^4}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{2^2\cdot 5 \pi}{3} \biggr) \frac{\mathfrak{f}_A \cdot \mathfrak{f}_M^2}{\mathfrak{f}_W} \, ,</math>

where all three of the dimensionless structural form factors, <math>~\mathfrak{f}_M</math>, <math>~\mathfrak{f}_W</math>, and <math>~\mathfrak{f}_A</math>, are generically of order unity for detailed force-balanced models having a wide range of internal structures and are all three exactly equal to unity under the assumption that the equilibrium configuration has uniform density and uniform pressure throughout. Alternatively, if the polytropic constant, <math>~K</math> (which specifies the specific entropy of fluid elements throughout the system), instead of the central pressure, is held fixed while searching for extrema in the free-energy, the virial equilibrium relation for isolated polytropes is,

<math>~\biggl( \frac{G}{K} \biggr)^n M^{n-1} R_\mathrm{eq}^{3-n}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{3}{4\pi} \biggl(\frac{5\mathfrak{f}_A \mathfrak{f}_M}{\mathfrak{f}_W} \biggr)^n \frac{1}{\mathfrak{f}_M} \, . </math>

If the physical system under consideration — such as a protostellar gas cloud — is not isolated but is, instead, embedded in a hot, tenuous medium that exerts on the system a confining external pressure, <math>~P_e</math>, the configuration's equilibrium parameters will be related via the expression,

<math>~\frac{GM^2}{P_c R_\mathrm{eq}^4}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl(\frac{2^2\cdot 5 \pi}{3} \biggr) \frac{\mathfrak{f}_M^2}{\mathfrak{f}_W} \biggl[ \mathfrak{f}_A - \frac{P_e}{P_c} \biggr] \, ;</math>

or, fixing <math>~K</math> instead of <math>~P_c</math>, the relevant virial equilibrium expression is,

<math>~P_e </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~K \biggl( \frac{3M}{4\pi R_\mathrm{eq}^3} \biggr)^{(n+1)/n} \cdot \frac{\mathfrak{f}_A}{\mathfrak{f}_M^{(n+1)/n}} - \biggl(\frac{3GM^2}{20\pi R_\mathrm{eq}^4} \biggr)\cdot \frac{\mathfrak{f}_W}{\mathfrak{f}^2_M} \, .</math>

It is a virial expression specifically of this form that identifies extrema (e.g., valleys or ridges) in the rainbow-colored free-energy surface, <math>\mathfrak{G}^*(R_\mathrm{eq}, P_e)</math>, displayed above.

Solution Strategies:	Detailed Force-Balance (Introduction)	Virial Equilibrium (Introduction)
Example Solutions: Uniform-density sphere          Isolated … ✓ ✓      Embedded in an External Medium … ✓ ✓ Polytropes      Isolated … ✓ ✓      Embedded in an External Medium … ✓ ✓ Isothermal sphere      Isolated … ✓ ✓      Embedded in an External Medium (Bonnor-Ebert Sphere) … ✓ ✓ Zero-temperature White Dwarf — Overview Power-law density distribution — Overview BiPolytropes (also referred to as Composite Polytropes) Overview Overview          Core-Envelope Structure with <math>~(n_c,n_e) = (0,0)</math> … ✓ ✓          Core-Envelope Structure with <math>~(n_c,n_e) = (5,1)</math> … ✓ ✓ Limiting Masses — Summary

Stability:

Background: Sound Waves Solution Strategy Assuming Spherical Symmetry: Eulerian Perspective Lagrangian Perturbations Reconciliation	Virial Stability Bipolytrope Generalization
Example Solutions: Uniform-density sphere Polytropes

Dynamics:

Spherical Collapse: Free Fall Homologous Collapse Collapse of Stellar Cores with n = 3 — investigation by Goldreich & Weber (1980, ApJ, 238, 991) Generalization to Arbitrary Polytropic Index

Two-Dimensional Configurations

• Introduction
  • Cylindrical Coordinates
  • Axisymmetric Configurations

Structure:

Solution Strategies Axisymmetric Configurations	Virial Equilibrium
Example Solutions: Maclaurin Spheroids Rotationally Flattened, Isothermal Structures Polytropic Tori: Papaloizou-Pringle (massless) Tori Self-gravitating Tori Infinitesimally Thin, Nonaxisymmetric Disk

Three-Dimensional Configurations

• Introduction
  • Properties of Homogeneous Ellipsoids
  • Fission Hypothesis of Binary Star Formation

Structure:

Solution Strategies

Example Solutions: Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium Compressible Analogs of Riemann Ellipsoids; see also Note to Hirschmann & Neilsen and Suggested Strategy by Joel

Stability:

• Lou & Bai (2011, MNRAS, 415, 925) — 3D perturbations in an isothermal self-similar flow

Related Projects Underway

• A Template for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Core-Collapse Supernovae

Appendices

• Equations
• Variables
• References
• Ramblings

See Also

• NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions; see also the related CUP Publication

© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline |   H_Book Home   |   YouTube   | Appendices: | Equations | Variables | References | Ramblings | Images | myphys.lsu | ADS | Recommended citation:   Tohline, Joel E. (2021), The Structure, Stability, & Dynamics of Self-Gravitating Fluids, a (MediaWiki-based) Vistrails.org publication, https://www.vistrails.org/index.php/User:Tohline/citation