User:Tohline/Appendix/Ramblings/ConcentricEllipsodalCoordinates

Concentric Ellipsoidal (T6) Coordinates

Background

Building on our general introduction to Direction Cosines in the context of orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems, and on our previous development of T3 (concentric oblate-spheroidal) and T5 (concentric elliptic) coordinate systems, here we explore the creation of a concentric ellipsoidal (T6) coordinate system. This is motivated by our desire to construct a fully analytically prescribable model of a nonuniform-density ellipsoidal configuration that is an analog to Riemann S-Type ellipsoids.

Orthogonal Coordinates

Primary (radial-like) Coordinate

We start by defining a "radial" coordinate whose values identify various concentric ellipsoidal shells,

<math>~\lambda_1</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

When <math>~\lambda_1 = a</math>, we obtain the standard definition of an ellipsoidal surface, it being understood that, <math>~q^2 = a^2/b^2</math> and <math>~p^2 = a^2/c^2</math>. (We will assume that <math>~a > b > c</math>, that is, <math>~p^2 > q^2 > 1</math>.)

A vector, <math>~\bold{\hat{n}}</math>, that is normal to the <math>~\lambda_1</math> = constant surface is given by the gradient of the function,

<math>~F(x, y, z)</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} - \lambda_1 \, .</math>

In Cartesian coordinates, this means,

<math>~\bold{\hat{n}}(x, y, z)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \biggl( \frac{\partial F}{\partial x} \biggr) + \hat\jmath \biggl( \frac{\partial F}{\partial y} \biggr) + \hat{k} \biggl( \frac{\partial F}{\partial z} \biggr) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \biggl[ x(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{- 1 / 2} \biggr] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ q^2y(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{- 1 / 2} \biggr] + \hat{k}\biggl[ p^2 z(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{- 1 / 2} \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \biggl( \frac{x}{\lambda_1} \biggr) + \hat\jmath \biggl( \frac{q^2y}{\lambda_1} \biggr) + \hat{k}\biggl(\frac{p^2 z}{\lambda_1} \biggr) \, , </math>

where it is understood that this expression is only to be evaluated at points, <math>~(x, y, z)</math>, that lie on the selected <math>~\lambda_1</math> surface — that is, at points for which the function, <math>~F(x,y,z) = 0</math>. The length of this normal vector is given by the expression,

<math>~[ \bold{\hat{n}} \cdot \bold{\hat{n}} ]^{1 / 2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\partial F}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial F}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial F}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{x}{\lambda_1} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{q^2y}{\lambda_1} \biggr)^2 + \biggl(\frac{p^2 z}{\lambda_1} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\lambda_1 \ell_{3D}} </math>

where,

<math>~\ell_{3D}</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\biggl[ x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 \biggr]^{- 1 / 2} \, .</math>

It is therefore clear that the properly normalized normal unit vector that should be associated with any <math>~\lambda_1</math> = constant ellipsoidal surface is,

<math>~\hat{e}_1 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ \frac{ \bold\hat{n} }{ [ \bold{\hat{n}} \cdot \bold{\hat{n}} ]^{1 / 2} } = \hat\imath (x \ell_{3D}) + \hat\jmath (q^2y \ell_{3D}) + \hat{k} (p^2 z \ell_{3D}) \, . </math>

From our accompanying discussion of direction cosines, it is clear, as well, that the scale factor associated with the <math>~\lambda_1</math> coordinate is,

<math>~h_1^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\lambda_1^2 \ell_{3D}^2 \, .</math>

We can also fill in the top line of our direction-cosines table, namely,

Direction Cosines for T6 Coordinates <math>~\gamma_{ni} = h_n \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial x_i}\biggr)</math>
<math>~n</math>	<math>~i = x, y, z</math>
<math>~1</math>	<math>~x\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~q^2 y \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~p^2 z \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~2</math>	---	---	---
<math>~3</math>	---	---	---

Other Coordinate Pair in the Tangent Plane

Let's focus on a particular point on the <math>~\lambda_1</math> = constant surface, <math>~(x_0, y_0, z_0)</math>, that necessarily satisfies the function, <math>~F(x_0, y_0, z_0) = 0</math>. We have already derived the expression for the unit vector that is normal to the ellipsoidal surface at this point, namely,

<math>~\hat{e}_1 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ \hat\imath (x_0 \ell_{3D}) + \hat\jmath (q^2y_0 \ell_{3D}) + \hat\jmath (p^2 z_0 \ell_{3D}) \, , </math>

where, for this specific point on the surface,

<math>~\ell_{3D}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\biggl[ x_0^2 + q^4y_0^2 + p^4 z_0^2 \biggr]^{- 1 / 2} \, .</math>

Tangent Plane The two-dimensional plane that is tangent to the <math>~\lambda_1</math> = constant surface at this point is given by the expression, <math>~0</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ (x - x_0) \biggl[ \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial x} \biggr]_0 + (y - y_0) \biggl[\frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial y} \biggr]_0 + (z - z_0) \biggl[\frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial z} \biggr]_0 </math>   <math>~=</math> <math>~ (x - x_0) \biggl[ \frac{\partial F}{\partial x} \biggr]_0 + (y - y_0) \biggl[\frac{\partial F}{\partial y} \biggr]_0 + (z - z_0) \biggl[ \frac{\partial F}{\partial z} \biggr]_0 </math>   <math>~=</math> <math>~ (x - x_0) \biggl( \frac{x}{\lambda_1}\biggr)_0 + (y - y_0)\biggl( \frac{q^2 y }{ \lambda_1 } \biggr)_0 + (z - z_0)\biggl( \frac{ p^2z }{ \lambda_1 } \biggr)_0 </math> <math>~\Rightarrow~~~ x \biggl( \frac{x}{\lambda_1}\biggr)_0 + y \biggl( \frac{q^2 y }{ \lambda_1 } \biggr)_0 + z \biggl( \frac{ p^2z }{ \lambda_1 } \biggr)_0 </math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ x_0 \biggl( \frac{x}{\lambda_1}\biggr)_0 + y_0 \biggl( \frac{q^2 y }{ \lambda_1 } \biggr)_0 + z_0 \biggl( \frac{ p^2z }{ \lambda_1 } \biggr)_0 </math> <math>~\Rightarrow~~~ x x_0 + q^2 y y_0 + p^2 z z_0 </math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ x_0^2 + q^2 y_0^2 + p^2 z_0^2 </math> <math>~\Rightarrow~~~ x x_0 + q^2 y y_0 + p^2 z z_0 </math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ (\lambda_1^2)_0 \, . </math>

Fix the value of <math>~\lambda_1</math>. This means that the relevant ellipsoidal surface is defined by the expression,

<math>~\lambda_1^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~x^2 + q^2y^2 + p^2z^2 \, .</math>

If <math>~z = 0</math>, the semi-major axis of the relevant x-y ellipse is <math>~\lambda_1</math>, and the square of the semi-minor axis is <math>~\lambda_1^2/q^2</math>. At any other value, <math>~z = z_0 < c</math>, the square of the semi-major axis of the relevant x-y ellipse is, <math>~(\lambda_1^2 - p^2z_0^2)</math> and the square of the corresponding semi-minor axis is, <math>~(\lambda_1^2 - p^2z_0^2)/q^2</math>. Now, for any chosen <math>~x_0^2 \le (\lambda_1^2 - p^2z_0^2)</math>, the y-coordinate of the point on the <math>~\lambda_1</math> surface is given by the expression,

<math>~y_0^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{1}{q^2}\biggl[ \lambda_1^2 - p^2 z_0 -x_0^2 \biggr] \, .</math>

The slope of the line that lies in the z = z₀ plane and that is tangent to the ellipsoidal surface at <math>~(x_0, y_0)</math> is,

<math>~m \equiv \frac{dy}{dx}\biggr|_{z_0}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~- \frac{x_0}{q^2y_0}</math>

Speculation1

Building on our experience developing T3 Coordinates and, more recently, T5 Coordinates, let's define the two "angles,"

<math>~\Zeta</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\sinh^{-1}\biggl(\frac{qy}{x} \biggr)</math>

and,

<math>~\Upsilon</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\sinh^{-1}\biggl(\frac{pz}{x} \biggr) \, ,</math>

in which case we can write,

<math>~\lambda_1^2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~x^2(\cosh^2\Zeta + \sinh^2\Upsilon)\, .</math>

We speculate that the other two orthogonal coordinates may be defined by the expressions,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~x \biggl[ \sinh\Zeta \biggr]^{1/(1-q^2)} = x \biggl[ \frac{qy}{x}\biggr]^{1/(1-q^2)} = x \biggl[ \frac{x}{qy}\biggr]^{1/(q^2-1)} = \biggl[ \frac{x^{q^2}}{qy}\biggr]^{1/(q^2-1)} \, ,</math>
<math>~\lambda_3</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~x \biggl[ \sinh\Upsilon \biggr]^{1/(1-p^2)} = x \biggl[ \frac{pz}{x}\biggr]^{1/(1-p^2)} = x \biggl[ \frac{x}{pz}\biggr]^{1/(p^2-1)} = \biggl[ \frac{x^{p^2}}{pz}\biggr]^{1/(p^2-1)} \, .</math>

Some relevant partial derivatives are,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{1}{qy}\biggr]^{1/(q^2-1)} \biggl[ \frac{q^2}{q^2-1} \biggr]x^{1/(q^2-1)} = \biggl[ \frac{q^2}{q^2-1} \biggr]\biggl[ \frac{x}{qy}\biggr]^{1/(q^2-1)} = \biggl[ \frac{q^2}{q^2-1} \biggr]\frac{\lambda_2}{x} \, ; </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{x^{q^2}}{q}\biggr]^{1/(q^2-1)} \biggl[ \frac{1}{1-q^2} \biggr] y^{q^2/(1-q^2)} = - \biggl[ \frac{1}{q^2-1} \biggr] \frac{\lambda_2}{y} \, ;</math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{p^2}{p^2-1} \biggr]\frac{\lambda_3}{x} \, ; </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ - \biggl[ \frac{1}{p^2-1} \biggr] \frac{\lambda_3}{z} \, .</math>

And the associated scale factors are,

<math>~h_2^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{q^2}{q^2-1} \biggr)\frac{\lambda_2}{x} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ - \biggl( \frac{1}{q^2-1} \biggr) \frac{\lambda_2}{y} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^{-1} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ \biggl( \frac{q^2}{q^2-1} \biggr)^2 \frac{\lambda_2^2}{x^2} + \biggl( \frac{1}{q^2-1} \biggr)^2 \frac{\lambda_2^2}{y^2} \biggr\}^{-1} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{x^2 + q^4 y^2 \biggr\}^{-1} \biggl[ \frac{(q^2 - 1)^2x^2 y^2}{\lambda_2^2} \biggr] \, ; </math>
<math>~h_3^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{x^2 + p^4 z^2 \biggr\}^{-1} \biggl[ \frac{(p^2 - 1)^2x^2 z^2}{\lambda_3^2} \biggr] \, . </math>

We can now fill in the rest of our direction-cosines table, namely,

Direction Cosines for T6 Coordinates <math>~\gamma_{ni} = h_n \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial x_i}\biggr)</math>
<math>~n</math>	<math>~i = x, y, z</math>
<math>~1</math>	<math>~x\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~q^2 y \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~p^2 z \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~2</math>	<math>~q^2 y \ell_q </math>	<math>~-x\ell_q</math>	<math>~0</math>
<math>~3</math>	<math>~p^2 z \ell_p</math>	<math>~0</math>	<math>~-x\ell_p</math>

Hence,

<math>~\hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \gamma_{21} + \hat\jmath \gamma_{22} +\hat{k} \gamma_{23} = \hat\imath (q^2y\ell_q) - \hat\jmath (x\ell_q) \, ; </math>
<math>~\hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \gamma_{31} + \hat\jmath \gamma_{32} +\hat{k} \gamma_{33} = \hat\imath (p^2z\ell_p) -\hat{k} (x\ell_p) \, . </math>

Check:

<math>~\hat{e}_2 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (q^2y\ell_q)^2 + (x\ell_q)^2 = 1 \, ; </math>
<math>~\hat{e}_3 \cdot \hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (p^2z\ell_p)^2 + (x\ell_p)^2 = 1 \, ; </math>
<math>~\hat{e}_2 \cdot \hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (q^2y\ell_q)(p^2z\ell_p) \ne 0 \, . </math>

Speculation2

Try,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{x}{y^{1/q^2} z^{1/p^2}} \, , </math>

in which case,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\lambda_2}{x} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{x}{z^{1/p^2}} \biggl(-\frac{1}{q^2}\biggr) y^{-1/q^2 - 1} = -\frac{\lambda_2}{q^2 y} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -\frac{\lambda_2}{p^2 z} \, . </math>

The associated scale factor is, then,

<math>~h_2^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{ \lambda_2}{x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( -\frac{\lambda_2}{q^2y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( - \frac{\lambda_2}{p^2z} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1} </math>

Speculation3

Try,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{(x+p^2 z)^{1 / 2}}{y^{1/q^2} } \, , </math>

in which case,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2y^{1/q^2}}\biggl(x + p^2z\biggr)^{- 1 / 2} = \frac{\lambda_2}{2(x + p^2z) } \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -\frac{\lambda_2}{q^2y} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \, . </math>

Speculation4

Development

Here we stick with the primary (radial-like) coordinate as defined above; for example,

<math>~\lambda_1</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
<math>~h_1</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\lambda_1 \ell_{3D} \, ,</math>
<math>~\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~[ x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ]^{- 1 / 2} \, ,</math>
<math>~\hat{e}_1 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath (x \ell_{3D}) + \hat\jmath (q^2y \ell_{3D}) + \hat{k} (p^2 z \ell_{3D}) \, . </math>

Note that, <math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_1 = 1</math>, which means that this is, indeed, a properly normalized unit vector.

Then, drawing from our earliest discussions of "T1 Coordinates", we'll try defining the second coordinate as,

<math>~\lambda_3</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ \tan^{-1} u \, , </math>       where,
<math>~u</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>\frac{y^{1/q^2}}{x} \, .</math>

The relevant partial derivatives are,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + u^2} \biggl[ - \frac{y^{1/q^2}}{x^2} \biggr] = - \biggl[ \frac{u}{1 + u^2}\biggr]\frac{1}{x} = - \frac{\sin\lambda_3 \cos\lambda_3}{x} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + u^2} \biggl[ \frac{y^{(1/q^2-1)}}{q^2x} \biggr] = \biggl[ \frac{u}{1 + u^2}\biggr]\frac{1}{q^2y} = \frac{\sin\lambda_3 \cos\lambda_3}{q^2y} \, , </math>

which means that,

<math>~h_3^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{u}{1 + u^2}\biggr]^{-2} \biggl[ \frac{1}{x^2} + \frac{1}{q^4y^2} \biggr]^{-1} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{1 + u^2}{u}\biggr]^{2} \biggl[ \frac{x^2 + q^4y^2}{x^2q^4y^2} \biggr]^{-1} </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~h_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{1 + u^2}{u}\biggr]xq^2 y \ell_q = \frac{xq^2 y \ell_q}{\sin\lambda_3 \cos\lambda_3} \, , </math>       where,
<math>~\ell_q</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~[x^2 + q^4 y^2]^{-1 / 2} \, .</math>

The third row of direction cosines can now be filled in to give,

Direction Cosines for T6 Coordinates <math>~\gamma_{ni} = h_n \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial x_i}\biggr)</math>
<math>~n</math>	<math>~i = x, y, z</math>
<math>~1</math>	<math>~x\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~q^2 y \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~p^2 z \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~2</math>	---	---	---
<math>~3</math>	<math>~-q^2 y \ell_q</math>	<math>~x \ell_q</math>	<math>~0</math>

which means that the associated unit vector is,

<math>~\hat{e}_3 </math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ -\hat\imath (q^2 y \ell_{q}) + \hat\jmath (x \ell_{q}) \, . </math>

Note that, <math>~\hat{e}_3 \cdot \hat{e}_3 = 1</math>, which means that this also is a properly normalized unit vector. Note, as well, that the dot product between our "first" and "third" unit vectors should be zero if they are indeed orthogonal to each other. Let's see … <math>~\hat{e}_3 \cdot \hat{e}_1</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ (- q^2y \ell_q)x\ell_{3D} + (x\ell_q) q^2y\ell_{3D} = 0 \, . </math> Q.E.D.

Now, even though we have not yet determined the proper expression for the "second" orthogonal coordinate, <math>~\lambda_2</math>, we should be able to obtain an expression for its associated unit vector from the cross product of the "third" and "first" unit vectors. Specifically we find,

<math>~\hat{e}_2 \equiv \hat{e}_3 \times \hat{e}_1</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \biggl[ (e_3)_2 (e_1)_3 - (e_3)_3(e_1)_2 \biggr] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ (e_3)_3 (e_1)_1 - (e_3)_1(e_1)_3 \biggr] + \hat{k} \biggl[ (e_3)_1 (e_1)_2 - (e_3)_2(e_1)_1 \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \biggl[ (x \ell_q) (p^2 z \ell_{3D}) - 0 \biggr] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ 0 - (-q^2y \ell_q)(p^2z \ell_{3D}) \biggr] + \hat{k} \biggl[ (-q^2y \ell_q) (q^2 y \ell_{3D}) - (x\ell_q)(x\ell_{3D}) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\ell_q \ell_{3D}\biggl[ \hat\imath ( xp^2 z ) + \hat\jmath ( q^2y p^2z ) - \hat{k} ( x^2 + q^4 y^2 ) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\ell_q \ell_{3D}\biggl[ \hat\imath ( xp^2 z ) + \hat\jmath ( q^2y p^2z ) - \hat{k} \biggl( \frac{1}{\ell_q^2} \biggr) \biggr] \, . </math>

Note that, <math>~\hat{e}_3 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~\ell_q^2 \ell_{3D} \biggl[ (- q^2y )x p^2 z + (x) q^2y p^2 z \biggr] = 0 \, ; </math> and, <math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ (x\ell_{3D})xp^2z \ell_q \ell_{3D} + (q^2y \ell_{3D}) q^2yp^2 z \ell_q \ell_{3D} - (x^2 + q^4 y^2)\ell_q \ell_{3D} (p^2 z \ell_{3D} ) </math>   <math>~=</math> <math>~ \ell_q \ell_{3D}^2 \biggl[ x^2p^2z + (q^4y^2 ) p^2 z - (x^2 + q^4 y^2) (p^2 z ) \biggr] = 0 \, . </math> We conclude, therefore, that <math>~\hat{e}_2</math> is perpendicular to both of the other unit vectors. Hooray!

Filling in the second row of the direction cosines table gives,

Direction Cosines for T6 Coordinates <math>~\gamma_{ni} = h_n \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial x_i}\biggr)</math>
<math>~n</math>	<math>~i = x, y, z</math>
<math>~1</math>	<math>~x\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~q^2 y \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~p^2 z \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~2</math>	<math>~x p^2 z\ell_q \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~q^2y p^2 z\ell_q \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~-(x^2 + q^4y^2)\ell_q \ell_{3D} = - \ell_{3D}/\ell_q</math>
<math>~3</math>	<math>~-q^2 y \ell_q</math>	<math>~x \ell_q</math>	<math>~0</math>

Analysis

Let's break down each direction cosine into its components.

Direction Cosine Components for T6 Coordinates
<math>~n</math>	<math>~\lambda_n</math>	<math>~h_n</math>	<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~\gamma_{n1}</math>	<math>~\gamma_{n2}</math>	<math>~\gamma_{n3}</math>
<math>~1</math>	<math>~(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} </math>	<math>~\lambda_1 \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~\frac{x}{\lambda_1}</math>	<math>~\frac{q^2 y}{\lambda_1}</math>	<math>~\frac{p^2 z}{\lambda_1}</math>	<math>~(x) \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~(q^2 y)\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~(p^2z) \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~2</math>	---	---	---	---	---	<math>~\ell_q \ell_{3D} (xp^2z)</math>	<math>~\ell_q \ell_{3D} (q^2 y p^2z) </math>	<math>~- (x^2 + q^4y^2)\ell_q \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~3</math>	<math>~\tan^{-1}\biggl( \frac{y^{1/q^2}}{x} \biggr)</math>	<math>~\frac{xq^2 y \ell_q}{\sin\lambda_3 \cos\lambda_3}</math>	<math>~-\frac{\sin\lambda_3 \cos\lambda_3}{x}</math>	<math>~+\frac{\sin\lambda_3 \cos\lambda_3}{q^2y}</math>	<math>~0</math>	<math>~-q^2 y \ell_q</math>	<math>~x\ell_q</math>	<math>~0</math>

Try,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ \tan^{-1} w \, , </math>       where,
<math>~w</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>\frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}}{z^{1/p^2}} ~~~\Rightarrow~~~\frac{1}{z^{1 / p^2} } = \frac{w}{(x^2 + q^2 y^2)^{1 / 2}} \, .</math>

The relevant partial derivatives are,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}~z^{1/p^2}} \biggr] = \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}~z^{1/p^2}} \biggr] = \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[- \frac{1}{p^2 z} \biggr] \, , </math>

which means that,

<math>~h_2^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{w}{1 + w^2}\biggr)^2 \frac{x^2}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^2} \biggr] + \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{w}{1 + w^2}\biggr)^2 \frac{q^4 y^2}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^2} \biggr] + \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{w}{1 + w^2}\biggr)^2 \frac{1}{p^4 z^2} \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl( \frac{w}{1 + w^2}\biggr)^2 \biggl[ \frac{(x^2 + q^4y^2)(p^4 z^2) + (x^2 + q^2y^2)^2}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^2~p^4 z^2} \biggr] </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ h_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{1 + w^2}{w}\biggr) \biggl\{ \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)~p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\} \, , </math>

where,

<math>~\mathcal{D}</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~[(x^2 + q^4y^2)(p^4 z^2) + (x^2 + q^2y^2)^2]^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

Hence, the trio of associated direction cosines are,

<math>~\gamma_{21} = h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{1 + w^2}{w}\biggr) \biggl\{ \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)~p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\}\frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr] = \biggl\{ \frac{x~p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\} \, , </math>
<math>~\gamma_{22} = h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{1 + w^2}{w}\biggr) \biggl\{ \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)~p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\} \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr] = \biggl\{ \frac{q^2 y~p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\} \, , </math>
<math>~\gamma_{23} = h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{1 + w^2}{w}\biggr) \biggl\{ \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)~p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\}\frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[- \frac{1}{p^2 z} \biggr] = \biggl\{- \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr\} \, . </math>

VERY close!

Let's examine the function, <math>~\mathcal{D}^2</math>.

<math>~\frac{1}{\ell_{3D}^2 \ell_d^2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (x^2 + q^4 y^2)(x^2 + q^4 y + p^4 z) = (x^2 + q^4 y^2)p^4 z + (x^2 + q^4 y^2)^2 \, . </math>

Eureka (NOT!)

Try,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ \tan^{-1} w \, , </math>       where,
<math>~w</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>\frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}}{p^2 z} ~~~\Rightarrow~~~\frac{1}{p^2 z } = \frac{w}{(x^2 + q^2 y^2)^{1 / 2}} \, .</math>

The relevant partial derivatives are,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}~p^2 z} \biggr] = \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}~p^2z} \biggr] = \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{1 + w^2} \biggl[- \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^{1 / 2}}{~p^2z^2} \biggr] = \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggl[- \frac{1}{z} \biggr] \, , </math>

which means that,

<math>~h_2^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggr]^2 \biggl\{ \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ - \frac{1}{z} \biggr]^2 \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \frac{w}{1 + w^2} \biggr]^2 \biggl\{ \frac{x^2 + q^4y^2}{(x^2 + q^2y^2)^2} + \frac{1}{z^2} \biggr\} </math>

Speculation5

Spherical Coordinates

<math>~r\cos\theta</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~z \, ,</math>
<math>~r\sin\theta</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
<math>~\tan\varphi</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{y}{x} \, .</math>

Use λ₁ Instead of r

Here, as above, we define,

<math>~\lambda_1^2</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2 </math>

Using this expression to eliminate "x" (in favor of λ₁) in each of the three spherical-coordinate definitions, we obtain,

<math>~r^2 \equiv x^2 + y^2 + z^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\lambda_1^2 - y^2(q^2-1) - z^2(p^2-1) \, ;</math>
<math>~\tan^2\theta \equiv \frac{x^2 + y^2}{z^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{z^2}\biggl[ \lambda_1^2 -y^2(q^2-1) -p^2z^2 \biggr] \, ;</math>
<math>~\frac{1}{\tan^2\varphi} \equiv \frac{x^2}{y^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\lambda_1^2 - p^2z^2}{y^2} - q^2 \, . </math>

After a bit of additional algebraic manipulation, we find that,

<math>\frac{z^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{\mathcal{D}^2} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{y^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[\frac{ \mathcal{D}^2 \tan^2\varphi - p^2 \tan^2\varphi (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) \mathcal{D}^2} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1 - q^2\biggl(\frac{y^2}{\lambda_1^2} \biggr) - p^2\biggl(\frac{z^2}{\lambda_1^2}\biggr) \, , </math>

where,

<math>~\mathcal{D}^2</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ (1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)(p^2 + \tan^2\theta) - p^2(q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi \biggr] \, . </math>

As a check, let's set <math>~q^2 = p^2 = 1</math>, which should reduce to the normal spherical coordinate system. <math>~\lambda_1^2</math> <math>~\rightarrow</math> <math>~ r^2 \, , </math>       and,       <math>~\mathcal{D}^2</math> <math>~\rightarrow</math> <math>~ \biggl[ (1 + \tan^2\varphi)(1 + \tan^2\theta) \biggr] \, . </math> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{z^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math> <math>~\rightarrow</math> <math>~ \frac{1}{1+\tan^2\theta} = \cos^2\theta = \frac{z^2}{r^2} \, ; </math> <math>~\frac{y^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math> <math>~\rightarrow</math> <math>~ \biggl[\frac{(1 + \tan^2\varphi)(1 + \tan^2\theta) \tan^2\varphi - \tan^2\varphi (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{(1+\tan^2\varphi) (1 + \tan^2\varphi)(1 + \tan^2\theta)} \biggr] </math>   <math>~=</math> <math>~\frac{\tan^2\varphi}{(1 + \tan^2\varphi)} \biggl[\frac{\tan^2\theta }{ (1 + \tan^2\theta)} \biggr] = \sin^2\theta \sin^2\varphi = \frac{y^2}{r^2} \,; </math> <math>~\frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math> <math>~\rightarrow</math> <math>~ 1 - \biggl(\frac{y^2}{\lambda_1^2} \biggr) - \biggl(\frac{z^2}{\lambda_1^2}\biggr) \, , </math>   <math>~\rightarrow</math> <math>~ 1 - \sin^2\theta \sin^2\varphi - \cos^2\theta = - \sin^2\theta \sin^2\varphi + \sin^2\theta = \sin^2\theta \cos^2\varphi = \frac{x^2}{r^2} \, . </math>

Relationship To T3 Coordinates

If we set, <math>~q = 1</math>, but continue to assume that <math>~p > 1</math>, we expect to see a representation that resembles our previously discussed, T3 Coordinates. Note, for example, that the new "radial" coordinate is,

<math>~\lambda_1^2</math>

<math>~\rightarrow</math>

<math>~ (\varpi^2 + p^2z^2) \, , </math>

and,

<math>~\mathcal{D}^2</math>

<math>~\rightarrow</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ (1 + \tan^2\varphi)(p^2 + \tan^2\theta) \biggr] \, . </math>

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{p^2z^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~\rightarrow</math>	<math>~\frac{ p^2}{(p^2 + \tan^2\theta)} = \frac{ 1}{(1 + p^{-2} \tan^2\theta)}\, ,</math>
<math>~\frac{\varpi^2}{\lambda_1^2} = \frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2} + \frac{y^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~\rightarrow</math>	<math>~1 - p^2 \biggl( \frac{z^2}{\lambda_1^2}\biggr) = \biggl[1 - \frac{ 1}{(1 + p^{-2}\tan^2\theta)} \biggr] \, .</math>

We also see that,

<math>~\frac{\varpi^2}{p^2z^2}</math>

<math>~\rightarrow</math>

<math>~ (1 + p^{-2}\tan^2\theta)\biggl[1 - \frac{ 1}{(1 + p^{-2}\tan^2\theta)} \biggr] = p^{-2}\tan^2\theta \, . </math>

Again Consider Full 3D Ellipsoid

Let's try to replace everywhere, <math>~[\varpi/(pz)]^2 = p^{-2}\tan^2\theta</math> with <math>~\lambda_2</math>. This gives,

<math>~\frac{\mathcal{D}^2}{p^2}</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ (1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi \biggr] \, . </math>

which means that,

<math>\frac{p^2 z^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{[(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi]} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)/\tan^2\varphi}{[q^2 \lambda_2 (1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)/(q^2\tan^2\varphi) - (q^2-1)]} = \frac{1/\sin^2\varphi}{[q^2\lambda_2 Q^2 - (q^2-1) ]} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{q^2y^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi }{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) } - \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) [(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi] } </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi }{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) } \biggl\{1 - \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{ [(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi] } \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi }{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) } \biggl\{1 - \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)/\tan^2\varphi}{ [q^2\lambda_2(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)/(q^2\tan^2\varphi) - (q^2-1) ] } \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{ 1}{Q^2 } \biggl\{1 - \frac{ 1/\sin^2\varphi}{ [q^2\lambda_2 Q^2 - (q^2-1) ] } \biggr\} = \frac{1}{Q^2[~~]} \biggl[ [~~] - \frac{1}{\sin^2\varphi} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1 - \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi }{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) } \biggl\{1 - \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{ [(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi] } \biggr\} </math>
		<math>~ - \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{[(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi]} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1 - \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi }{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) } - \biggl\{\frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{ [(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi] } \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 1 - \frac{ 1 }{ Q^2 } - \biggl\{\frac{ 1/\sin^2\varphi}{ [q^2\lambda_2 Q^2 - (q^2-1) ] } \biggr\} = \frac{1}{Q^2 [~~] } \biggl\{ Q^2[~~] - [~~] - \frac{Q^2}{\sin^2\varphi} \biggr\} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{x^2 + q^2y^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~1 - \biggl[1 + \frac{ q^2 \tan^2\varphi }{(1+q^2\tan^2\varphi) }\biggr] \biggl\{ \frac{ (1+\tan^2\varphi)}{ [(1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi)\lambda_2 - (q^2-1)\tan^2\varphi] } \biggr\} \, . </math>

Now, notice that,

<math>~\frac{q^2 y^2 Q^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~1 - \frac{1}{[~~]\sin^2\varphi} \, ,</math>

and,

<math>~\frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2} + \frac{1}{Q^2}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~1 - \frac{1}{[~~]\sin^2\varphi} \, .</math>

Hence,

<math>~\frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2} + \frac{1}{Q^2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{q^2 y^2 Q^2}{\lambda_1^2}</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ 0</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~Q^4 \biggl( \frac{q^2 y^2}{\lambda_1^2} \biggr) - Q^2 \biggl( \frac{x^2}{\lambda_1^2} \biggr) - 1</math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~Q^4 - Q^2 \biggl( \frac{x^2}{q^2 y^2} \biggr) - \biggl( \frac{\lambda_1^2}{q^2 y^2} \biggr) \, ,</math>

where,

<math>~Q^2</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~\frac{1 + q^2\tan^2\varphi}{q^2\tan^2\varphi} \, .</math>

Solving the quadratic equation, we have,

<math>~Q^2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{2} \biggl\{ \biggl( \frac{x^2}{q^2 y^2} \biggr) \pm \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{x^2}{q^2 y^2} \biggr)^2 + 4\biggl( \frac{\lambda_1^2}{q^2 y^2} \biggr) \biggr]^{1 / 2} \biggr\}</math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl( \frac{x^2}{2q^2 y^2} \biggr) \biggl\{ 1 \pm \biggl[ 1 + 4\biggl( \frac{\lambda_1^2 q^2 y^2}{x^4} \biggr) \biggr]^{1 / 2} \biggr\} \, .</math>

Tentative Summary <math>~\lambda_1</math> <math>~\equiv</math> <math>~(x^2 + q^2y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} \, ,</math> <math>~\lambda_2</math> <math>~\equiv</math> <math>~ \frac{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}}{pz} \, ,</math> <math>~\lambda_3 = Q^2</math> <math>~\equiv</math> <math>~\biggl( \frac{x^2}{2q^2 y^2} \biggr) \biggl\{ 1 \pm \biggl[ 1 + 4\biggl( \frac{\lambda_1^2 q^2 y^2}{x^4} \biggr) \biggr]^{1 / 2} \biggr\} \, .</math>

Partial Derivatives & Scale Factors

First Coordinate

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{x}{\lambda_1} \, ,</math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{q^2 y}{\lambda_1} \, ,</math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{p^2 z}{\lambda_1} \, .</math>

<math>~h_1^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{x}{\lambda_1} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{q^2 y}{\lambda_1} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{p^2 z}{\lambda_1} \biggr)^2 \, .</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ h_1</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \lambda_1 \ell_{3D} \, , </math>

where,

<math>\ell_{3D} \equiv (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4z^2)^{-1 / 2} \, .</math>

As a result, the associated unit vector is,

<math>~\hat{e}_1</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} h_1 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial x} \biggr) + \hat{\jmath} h_1 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial y} \biggr) + \hat{k} h_1 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_1}{\partial z} \biggr) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} x \ell_{3D} + \hat{\jmath} q^2 y\ell_{3D} + \hat{k} p^2 z \ell_{3D} \, . </math>

Notice that,

<math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_1</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ (x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2) \ell_{3D}^2 = 1 \, . </math>

Second Coordinate (1^st Try)

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{pz} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{pz} \biggl[ \frac{y}{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] \, ,</math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ - \frac{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}}{pz^2} \, .</math>

<math>~h_2^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ \frac{1}{pz} \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] \biggr\}^2 + \biggl\{ \frac{1}{pz} \biggl[ \frac{y}{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] \biggr\}^2 + \biggl\{ \frac{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}}{pz^2} \biggr\}^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ \biggl[ \frac{x^2}{(x^2 + y^2)p^2 z^2} \biggr] \biggr\} + \biggl\{ \biggl[ \frac{y^2}{(x^2 + y^2)p^2 z^2} \biggr] \biggr\} + \biggl\{ \frac{(x^2 + y^2)}{p^2 z^4} \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{p^2 z^2} + \frac{(x^2 + y^2)}{p^2 z^4} = \frac{(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)}{p^2 z^4} </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~h_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{p z^2}{r } </math>

As a result, the associated unit vector is,

<math>~\hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr) + \hat{\jmath} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr) + \hat{k} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} \biggl[ \frac{xz}{r(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] + \hat{\jmath} \biggl[ \frac{yz}{r(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] - \hat{k} \biggl[ \frac{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}}{r} \biggr] \, . </math>

Notice that,

<math>~\hat{e}_2 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{x^2 z^2}{r^2(x^2 + y^2)} \biggr] + \biggl[ \frac{y^2 z^2}{r^2(x^2 + y^2)} \biggr] + \biggl[ \frac{(x^2 + y^2)}{r^2} \biggr] = 1 \, . </math>

Let's check to see if this "second" unit vector is orthogonal to the "first."

<math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ x\ell_{3D} \biggl[ \frac{xz}{r(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] + q^2 y\ell_{3D} \biggl[ \frac{yz}{r(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] - p^2 z \ell_{3D} \biggl[ \frac{(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}}{r} \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \ell_{3D} \biggl\{ \biggl[ \frac{x^2z}{r(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] + \biggl[ \frac{q^2 y^2 z}{r(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggr] - \biggl[ \frac{p^2 z(x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}}{r} \biggr] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{z\ell_{3D}}{r (x^2 + y^2)^{1 / 2}} \biggl\{ \biggl[ x^2\biggr] + \biggl[ q^2 y^2 \biggr] - \biggl[ p^2 (x^2 + y^2) \biggr] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~\ne</math>	<math>~ 0 \ . </math>

Second Coordinate (2^nd Try)

Let's try,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[\frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2}}{pz} \biggr] \, , </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{x}{pz(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} } = \frac{x}{p^2 z^2 \lambda_2} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{q^2 y}{pz(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} } = \frac{q^2y}{p^2 z^2 \lambda_2} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2z}{pz(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} } - \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2}}{pz^2} = \frac{1}{p^2z^2 \lambda_2 } \biggl( \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2z \biggr) - \frac{\lambda_2 }{z} = \frac{1}{p^2z^2 \lambda_2 } \biggl( \mathfrak{f}\cdot p^2z - p^2z \lambda_2^2 \biggr) \, . </math>

Hence,

<math>~h_2^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{x}{p^2 z^2 \lambda_2} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \frac{q^2y}{p^2 z^2 \lambda_2} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ \frac{ \mathfrak{f} }{z \lambda_2 } - \frac{\lambda_2 }{z}\biggr]^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ \frac{x^2 + q^4 y^2}{p^4 z^4 \lambda_2^2} \biggr] + \biggl[ \frac{1}{z\lambda_2}\biggl( \mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2 \biggr) \biggr]^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{p^4 z^4 \lambda_2^2} \biggl[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 \biggr] </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ h_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{p^2 z^2 \lambda_2}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \, . </math>

So, the associated unit vector is,

<math>~\hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr) + \hat{\jmath} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr) + \hat{k} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} \biggl\{ \frac{x}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggr\} + \hat{\jmath} \biggl\{ \frac{q^2 y}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggr\} + \hat{k} \biggl\{ \frac{p^2z(\mathfrak{f}-\lambda_2^2)}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggr\} \, . </math>

Checking orthogonality …

<math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ x\ell_{3D} \biggl\{ \frac{x}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggr\} + q^2 y\ell_{3D} \biggl\{ \frac{q^2 y}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggr\} + p^2 z \ell_{3D} \biggl\{ \frac{p^2z(\mathfrak{f}-\lambda_2^2)}{[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{ [ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggl\{ x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)\biggr\} \, . </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{ [ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggl\{ x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)\biggr\} \, . </math>

If <math>~\mathfrak{f} = 0</math>, we have …

<math>~p^2 z (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2) </math>

<math>~~~\rightarrow ~~~ </math>

<math>~ \biggl[- p^2 z \lambda_2^2\biggr]_{\mathfrak{f} = 0} = - p^2 z\biggl[\frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \cancelto{0}{\mathfrak{f} \cdot }p^2 z^2 )^{1 / 2}}{pz} \biggr]^2 = - \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 )}{z} \, ,</math>

which, in turn, means …

<math>~[ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\cancelto{0}{\mathfrak{f}} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ [ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 \lambda_2^4 ]^{1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 \biggl[\frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 + \cancelto{0}{\mathfrak{f}\cdot} p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2}}{pz} \biggr]^4 \biggr\}^{1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + \biggl[\frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 )^{2}}{z^2} \biggr] \biggr\}^{1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (x^2 + q^4 y^2)^{1 / 2} \biggl[ 1 + \frac{(x^2 + q^2y^2 )}{z^2} \biggr]^{1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{(x^2 + q^4 y^2)^{1 / 2}}{z} \biggl[ z^2 + (x^2 + q^2y^2 ) \biggr]^{1 / 2} \, , </math>

and,

<math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{ [ x^2 + q^4 y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)^2 ]^{1 / 2} } \biggl\{ x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 (\mathfrak{f} - \lambda_2^2)\biggr\} \, . </math>

Speculation6

Determine λ₂

This is very similar to the above, Speculation2. Try,

<math>~\lambda_2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{x y^{1/q^2}}{ z^{2/p^2}} \, , </math>

in which case,

<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{\lambda_2}{x} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{x}{z^{2/p^2}} \biggl(\frac{1}{q^2}\biggr) y^{1/q^2 - 1} = \frac{\lambda_2}{q^2 y} \, , </math>
<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -\frac{2\lambda_2}{p^2 z} \, . </math>

The associated scale factor is, then,

<math>~h_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\biggl[ \biggl( \frac{ \lambda_2}{x} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( \frac{\lambda_2}{q^2y} \biggr)^2 + \biggl( - \frac{2\lambda_2}{p^2z} \biggr)^2 \biggr]^{-1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{\lambda_2}\biggl[ \frac{ 1}{x^2} + \frac{1}{q^4y^2} + \frac{4}{p^4z^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{\lambda_2}\biggl[ \frac{ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2}{x^2 q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2} \biggr]^{-1 / 2} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{\lambda_2}\biggl[ \frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}} \biggr] \, . </math>

where,

<math>~\mathcal{D}</math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2)^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

The associated unit vector is, then,

<math>~\hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat{\imath} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial x} \biggr) + \hat{\jmath} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial y} \biggr) + \hat{k} h_2 \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_2}{\partial z} \biggr) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ \hat{\imath} \biggl( \frac{1}{x} \biggr) + \hat{\jmath} \biggl( \frac{1}{q^2 y} \biggr) + \hat{k} \biggl( -\frac{2}{p^2 z} \biggr) \biggr\} \ . </math>

Recalling that the unit vector associated with the "first" coordinate is,

<math>~\hat{e}_1 </math>

<math>~\equiv</math>

<math>~ \hat\imath (x \ell_{3D}) + \hat\jmath (q^2y \ell_{3D}) + \hat\jmath (p^2 z \ell_{3D}) \, , </math>

where,

<math>~\ell_{3D}</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~(x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )^{- 1 / 2} \, ,</math>

let's check to see whether the "second" unit vector is orthogonal to the "first."

<math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_2</math>

<math>~=</math>

<math>~ \frac{(x q^2 y p^2 z) \ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl[ 1 + 1 - 2 \biggr] = 0 \, . </math>

Hooray!

Direction Cosines for Third Unit Vector

Now, what is the unit vector, <math>~\hat{e}_3</math>, that is simultaneously orthogonal to both these "first" and the "second" unit vectors?

<math>~\hat{e}_3 \equiv \hat{e}_1 \times \hat{e}_2</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \hat\imath \biggl[ ( e_{1y} )( e_{2z}) - ( e_{2y} )( e_{1z}) ) \biggl] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ ( e_{1z} )( e_{2x}) - ( e_{2z} )( e_{1x}) ) \biggl] + \hat{k} \biggl[ ( e_{1x} )( e_{2y}) - ( e_{2x} )( e_{1y}) ) \biggl] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{(x q^2 y p^2 z) \ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ \hat\imath \biggl[ \biggl( -\frac{2 q^2y}{p^2 z} \biggr) - \biggl( \frac{p^2z}{q^2y} \biggr) \biggl] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{p^2z}{x} \biggr) - \biggl(-\frac{2x}{p^2z} \biggr) \biggl] + \hat{k} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{x}{q^2y} \biggr) - \biggl( \frac{q^2y}{x} \biggr) \biggl] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{(x q^2 y p^2 z) \ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ -\hat\imath \biggl[ \frac{2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2}{q^2 y p^2 z} \biggl] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ \frac{p^4z^2 + 2x^2}{xp^2 z} \biggl] + \hat{k} \biggl[ \frac{x^2 - q^4y^2}{x q^2y} \biggl] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ -\hat\imath \biggl[ x(2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2 ) \biggl] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ q^2 y(p^4z^2 + 2x^2 ) \biggl] + \hat{k} \biggl[ p^2z( x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggl] \biggr\} \, . </math>

Is this a valid unit vector? First, note that …

<math>~\biggl( \frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggr)^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (x^2 q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^4 p^4 z^2 + 4x^4q^4y^2) + (q^8 y^4 p^4 z^2 + x^2 q^4y^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^8y^4) +(q^4 y^2 p^8 z^4 + x^2 p^8 z^4 + 4x^2q^4y^2 p^4 z^2) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 6x^2 q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^4(p^4 z^2 + 4 q^4y^2) + q^8 y^4(p^4 z^2 + 4x^2) +p^8z^4(x^2 + q^4 y^2 )\, . </math>

Then we have,

<math>~\biggl( \frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggr)^{-2}\hat{e}_3 \cdot \hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl[ x(2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2 ) \biggl]^2 + \biggl[ q^2 y(p^4z^2 + 2x^2 ) \biggl]^2 + \biggl[ p^2z( x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggl]^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ x^2(4 q^8y^4 + 4q^4y^2p^4z^2 + p^8z^4 ) + q^4 y^2(p^8z^4 + 4x^2p^4z^2 + 4x^4 ) + p^4z^2( x^4 - 2x^2q^4 y^2 + q^8y^4 ) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 4 x^2 q^8y^4 + 4x^2 q^4y^2p^4z^2 + x^2 p^8z^4 + q^4 y^2p^8z^4 + 4x^2q^4 y^2p^4z^2 + 4x^4q^4 y^2 + x^4p^4z^2 - 2x^2q^4 y^2p^4z^2 + q^8y^4p^4z^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 6x^2 q^4y^2p^4z^2 + p^8z^4 (x^2 +q^4 y^2) + x^4(4q^4 y^2 + p^4z^2) + q^8 y^4(4 x^2 + p^4z^2 ) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggr)^{-2} \, , </math>

which means that, <math>~\hat{e}_3\cdot \hat{e}_3 = 1</math>.    Hooray! Again (11/11/2020)!

Direction Cosine Components for T6 Coordinates
<math>~n</math>	<math>~\lambda_n</math>	<math>~h_n</math>	<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~\frac{\partial \lambda_n}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~\gamma_{n1}</math>	<math>~\gamma_{n2}</math>	<math>~\gamma_{n3}</math>
<math>~1</math>	<math>~(x^2 + q^2 y^2 + p^2 z^2)^{1 / 2} </math>	<math>~\lambda_1 \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~\frac{x}{\lambda_1}</math>	<math>~\frac{q^2 y}{\lambda_1}</math>	<math>~\frac{p^2 z}{\lambda_1}</math>	<math>~(x) \ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~(q^2 y)\ell_{3D}</math>	<math>~(p^2z) \ell_{3D}</math>
<math>~2</math>	<math>~\frac{x y^{1/q^2}}{ z^{2/p^2}}</math>	<math>~\frac{1}{\lambda_2}\biggl[\frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{ \mathcal{D}}\biggr] </math>	<math>~\frac{\lambda_2}{x}</math>	<math>~\frac{\lambda_2}{q^2 y}</math>	<math>~-\frac{2\lambda_2}{p^2 z}</math>	<math>~\frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl(\frac{1}{x}\biggr)</math>	<math>~ \frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl(\frac{1}{q^2y}\biggr)</math>	<math>~\frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl(-\frac{2}{p^2z}\biggr)</math>
<math>~3</math>	---	---	---	---	---	<math>~-\frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}}\biggl[ x(2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2 ) \biggl]</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}}\biggl[ q^2 y(p^4z^2 + 2x^2 ) \biggl]</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}}\biggl[ p^2z( x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggl]</math>
<math>~\ell_{3D}</math> <math>~\equiv</math> <math>~(x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )^{- 1 / 2} \, ,</math> <math>~\mathcal{D}</math> <math>~\equiv</math> <math>~(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2)^{1 / 2} \, .</math>

Let's double-check whether this "third" unit vector is orthogonal to both the "first" and the "second" unit vectors.

<math>~\hat{e}_1 \cdot \hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}^2}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ -x \biggl[ x(2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2 ) \biggl] + q^2 y \biggl[ q^2 y(p^4z^2 + 2x^2 ) \biggl] + p^2 z \biggl[ p^2z( x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggl] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}^2}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ - (2 x^2q^4y^2 + x^2p^4z^2 ) + (q^4 y^2 p^4z^2 + 2x^2 q^4 y^2) + ( x^2p^4z^2 - q^4y^2 p^4z^2 ) \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 0 \, , </math>

and,

<math>~\hat{e}_2 \cdot \hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \cdot \frac{x q^2 y p^2 z}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ - \biggl[ (2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2 ) \biggl] + \biggl[ (p^4z^2 + 2x^2 ) \biggl] - \biggl[ 2( x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggl] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 0 \, . </math>

Q. E. D.

Search for Third Coordinate Expression

Let's try …

<math>~\lambda_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\mathcal{D}^n \ell_{3D}^m </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2)^{n / 2} (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )^{- m / 2} </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x_i}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \ell_{3D}^m \biggl[ \frac{n}{2} \biggl(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2 \biggr)^{n / 2 - 1} \biggr] \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \biggl[(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2)\biggr] </math>
		<math>~ + \mathcal{D}^n \biggl[ - \frac{m}{2} (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )^{- m / 2 - 1} \biggr] \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \biggl[(x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )\biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \mathcal{D}^n \ell_{3D}^m \biggl[ \frac{n}{2} \biggl(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2 \biggr)^{- 1} \biggr] \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \biggl[(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2)\biggr] </math>
		<math>~ + \mathcal{D}^n \ell_{3D}^m \biggl[ - \frac{m}{2} (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )^{- 1} \biggr] \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i} \biggl[(x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 )\biggr] \, . </math>

Hence,

<math>~\frac{1}{\mathcal{D}^n \ell_{3D}^m} \cdot \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{n}{2\mathcal{D}^2}\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \biggl[q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2 \biggr] - \frac{m \ell_{3D}^2}{2} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \biggl[ x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~x \biggl\{ \frac{n}{\mathcal{D}^2}\biggl[p^4 z^2 + 4q^4y^2 \biggr] - m \ell_{3D}^2 \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~x \biggl\{ \frac{n (p^4 z^2 + 4q^4y^2)}{ ( q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2 ) } - \frac{m}{ ( x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) } \biggr\} </math>

This is overly cluttered! Let's try, instead …

<math>~A \equiv \ell_{3D}^{-2}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~(x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) \, ,</math>       and,       <math>~B \equiv \mathcal{D}^2</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~(q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2)</math> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \frac{\partial A}{\partial x}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~2x \, ,</math> <math>~\frac{\partial A}{\partial y}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~2q^4 y \, ,</math> <math>~\frac{\partial A}{\partial z}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ 2p^4 z\, ;</math> <math>~ \frac{\partial B}{\partial x}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~2x( 4q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) \, ,</math> <math>~\frac{\partial B}{\partial y}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~2q^4 y (p^4 z^2 + 4x^2) \, ,</math> <math>~\frac{\partial B}{\partial z}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ 2p^4 z(q^4 y^2 + x^2)\, .</math>

Now, let's assume that,

<math>~\lambda_3</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~\biggl( \frac{A}{B} \biggr)^{1 / 2} \, ,</math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \frac{ \partial \lambda_3}{\partial x_i}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{2 (AB)^{1 / 2}} \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x_i} - \frac{A^{1 / 2}}{2 B^{3 / 2}} \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x_i} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\lambda_3}{2AB} \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x_i} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x_i} \biggr] \, . </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ \frac{2AB}{\lambda_3} \biggr] \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x_i}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x_i} - (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x_i} \, . </math>

Looking ahead … <math>~h_3^{-2}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ \biggl\{ \frac{\lambda_3}{2AB} \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \biggr] \biggr\}^2 + \biggl\{ \frac{\lambda_3}{2AB} \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial y} \biggr] \biggr\}^2 + \biggl\{ \frac{\lambda_3}{2AB} \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial z} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial z} \biggr] \biggr\}^2 </math> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl[\frac{2AB}{\lambda_3} \biggr]^2 h_3^{-2}</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial y} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial z} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial z} \biggr]^2 </math> <math>~\Rightarrow ~~~ \biggl[\frac{\lambda_3}{2AB} \biggr] h_3</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~ \biggl\{\biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial y} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial z} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial z} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^{-1 / 2} </math> Then, for example, <math>~\gamma_{31} \equiv h_3 \biggl(\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x} \biggr)</math> <math>~=</math> <math>~\biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \biggr] \biggl\{\biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial y} \biggr]^2 + \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial z} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial z} \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^{-1 / 2} </math>

As a result, we have,

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ \frac{2AB}{\lambda_3} \biggr] \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~2x \biggl[ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) - (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) ( 4q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~2x \biggl[ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) - (4x^2q^4y^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4q^8y^4 + q^4y^2 p^4z^2 + 4q^4y^2 p^4 z^2 + p^8z^4) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~2x \biggl[ - (4q^8y^4 + 4q^4y^2 p^4 z^2 + p^8z^4) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-2x (2q^4y^2 + p^4z^2)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-8x \biggl(q^4y^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)^2 </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ AB \biggr] \frac{\partial \ln\lambda_3}{\partial \ln{x}}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-\biggl[ 2x \biggl(q^4y^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)\biggr]^2 \, ; </math>

and,

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ \frac{2AB}{\lambda_3} \biggr] \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial y}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2q^4y\biggl[ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) - (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) (p^4 z^2 + 4x^2) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2q^4y\biggl[ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) - ( x^2p^4z^2 + 4x^4 + q^4y^2p^4z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2 + p^8z^4 + 4x^2p^4z^2) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -2q^4y( 4x^4 + p^8z^4 + 4x^2p^4z^2) </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -2q^4y( 2x^2 + p^4z^2 )^2 </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ AB \biggr] \frac{\partial \ln\lambda_3}{\partial \ln{y} }</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ - \biggl[2q^2y\biggl( x^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr) \biggr]^2 \, ; </math>

and,

<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ \frac{2AB}{\lambda_3} \biggr] \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial z}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~2p^4 z \biggl[ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) - (x^2 + q^4y^2 + p^4 z^2 ) (q^4 y^2 + x^2) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~2p^4 z \biggl[ (q^4 y^2 p^4 z^2 + x^2 p^4 z^2 + 4x^2q^4y^2) - (x^2q^4y^2 + x^4 + q^8y^4 + x^2q^4y^2 + q^4y^2p^4z^2 + x^2p^4z^2) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~2p^4 z \biggl[ ( 2x^2q^4y^2) - ( x^4 + q^8y^4 ) \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-2p^4 z \biggl[ x^4 + q^8y^4 - 2x^2q^4y^2 \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-2p^4 z (x^2 - q^4y^2 )^2 </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow ~~~\biggl[ AB \biggr] \frac{\partial \ln \lambda_3}{\partial \ln{z}}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-4 \biggl[ \biggl( \frac{p^4 z^2}{4} \biggr) (x^2 - q^4y^2 )^2 \biggr] </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~-\biggl[ 2\biggl( \frac{p^2 z}{2} \biggr) (x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggr]^2 \, . </math>

Wow!   Really close! (13 November 2020)

Just for fun, let's see what we get for <math>~h_3</math>. It is given by the expression,

<math>~h_3^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x} \biggr)^2 +\biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial y} \biggr)^2 +\biggl( \frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial z} \biggr)^2 </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ \frac{\lambda_3}{ABx} \biggl[ 2x \biggl(q^4y^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)\biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 +\biggl\{ \frac{\lambda_3}{ABy} \biggl[2q^2y\biggl( x^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr) \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 +\biggl\{ \frac{\lambda_3}{ABz} \biggl[ 2\biggl( \frac{p^2 z}{2} \biggr) (x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggr]^2 \biggr\}^2 </math>
<math>~\Rightarrow~~~ \biggl[ \frac{AB}{\lambda_3}\biggr]^2 h_3^{-2}</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \biggl\{ \frac{1}{x^2} \biggl[ 2x \biggl(q^4y^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)\biggr]^4 \biggr\} +\biggl\{ \frac{1}{y^2} \biggl[2q^2y\biggl( x^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr) \biggr]^4 \biggr\} +\biggl\{ \frac{1}{z^2} \biggl[ 2\biggl( \frac{p^2 z}{2} \biggr) (x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggr]^4 \biggr\} </math>

Fiddle Around

Let …

<math>~\mathcal{L}_x</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ - \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial x} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \biggr] </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~8x \biggl(q^4y^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{2}{x} \biggl[ 2x \biggl(q^4y^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)\biggr]^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~8x~\mathfrak{F}_x(y,z) </math>
<math>~\mathcal{L}_y</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ - \biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial y} \biggr] </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 8q^4y\biggl( x^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{2}{y} \biggl[ 2q^2y\biggl( x^2 + \frac{p^4z^2}{2} \biggr)\biggr]^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~8y~\mathfrak{F}_y(x,z) </math>
<math>~\mathcal{L}_z</math>	<math>~\equiv</math>	<math>~ -\biggl[ B \cdot \frac{\partial A}{\partial z} - A \cdot \frac{\partial B}{\partial z} \biggr] </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ 2p^4 z \biggl(x^2 - q^4y^2 \biggr)^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{2}{z} \biggl[p^2 z \biggl(x^2 - q^4y^2 \biggr)\biggr]^2 </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~8z~\mathfrak{F}_z(x,y) </math>

With this shorthand in place, we can write,

<math>~\hat{e}_3</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~\frac{\ell_{3D}}{\mathcal{D}} \biggl\{ -\hat\imath \biggl[ x(2 q^4y^2 + p^4z^2 ) \biggl] + \hat\jmath \biggl[ q^2 y(p^4z^2 + 2x^2 ) \biggl] + \hat{k} \biggl[ p^2z( x^2 - q^4y^2 ) \biggl] \biggr\} </math>
	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl\{ -\hat\imath \biggl[ \frac{x \mathcal{L}_x}{2} \biggl]^{1 / 2} + \hat\jmath \biggl[ \frac{y \mathcal{L}_y}{2} \biggl]^{1 / 2} + \hat{k} \biggl[ \frac{z \mathcal{L}_z}{2} \biggl]^{1 / 2} \biggr\} \, . </math>

We therefore also recognize that,

<math>~h_3 \biggl(\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial x}\biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -\frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ \frac{x \mathcal{L}_x}{2} \biggl]^{1 / 2} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ -\frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ 4x^2 ~\mathfrak{F}_x \biggl]^{1 / 2} \, , </math>
<math>~h_3 \biggl(\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial y}\biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ \frac{y \mathcal{L}_y}{2} \biggl]^{1 / 2} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ 4y^2~\mathfrak{F}_y \biggl]^{1 / 2} \, , </math>
<math>~h_3 \biggl(\frac{\partial \lambda_3}{\partial z}\biggr)</math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ \frac{z \mathcal{L}_z}{2} \biggl]^{1 / 2} </math>	<math>~=</math>	<math>~ \frac{1}{(AB)^{1 / 2}} \biggl[ 4z^2~\mathfrak{F}_z \biggl]^{1 / 2} \, . </math>

Now,

See Also

• Direction Cosines

© 2014 - 2021 by Joel E. Tohline |   H_Book Home   |   YouTube   | Appendices: | Equations | Variables | References | Ramblings | Images | myphys.lsu | ADS | Recommended citation:   Tohline, Joel E. (2021), The Structure, Stability, & Dynamics of Self-Gravitating Fluids, a (MediaWiki-based) Vistrails.org publication, https://www.vistrails.org/index.php/User:Tohline/citation