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=Hybrid Advection Scheme=
==Preface==

''March 1, 2014'' by Joel E. Tohline

<[[User:Tohline/PGE/Hybrid_Scheme_Preface|full preface]]> &hellip; This seemed too good to be true.  The discovered code modification would allow us to conserve angular momentum very accurately and, at the same time, allow us to use a rotating grid and thereby minimize numerical diffusion &hellip; <[[User:Tohline/PGE/Hybrid_Scheme_Preface|read more]]>

In his dissertation research, Jay Call (see [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner 2010]) derived a complete description of this hybrid advection scheme in a fully relativistic and generalized coordinate framework.  He showed that one can write the system of fluid equations in a manner that facilitates advection of inertial-frame quantities across a rotating grid.  In addition &#8212; and more importantly &#8212; he showed how to write the system of fluid equations to allow advection of inertial-frame angular momentum (generally associated with a cylindrical coordinate mesh) across a rotating ''Cartesian'' grid.  In the discussion that follows here, we derive the Newtonian version of Jay's hybrid scheme.


{{LSU_HBook_header}}

==Setting the Stage==

===Recognizing Statements of Conservation===
When dealing with the compressible fluid equations, we will often encounter hyperbolic PDEs of the following form:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\psi}{dt} + \psi \nabla\cdot \vec{v}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where we are using <math>~\vec{v}</math> to represent the velocity field of the fluid as viewed from an ''inertial frame of reference'', and the total (as opposed to partial) time derivative indicates the time-rate of change of <math>~\psi</math> is being measured in a so-called ''Lagrangian'' fashion, that is, at the location of some fluid element and ''moving along with'' that fluid element.  

When we encounter a situation in which the "source" term, <math>~S</math>, on the right-hand side is zero, we will be able to identify the scalar variable, <math>~\psi</math>, as the volume density of some conserved quantity.  For example, the continuity equation &#8212; which is a mathematical statement of mass conservation &#8212; has the form,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
{{ User:Tohline/Math/EQ_Continuity01}}
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or, equivalently, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\ln\rho}{dt} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~- \nabla\cdot \vec{v} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, <math>~\rho</math> is the mass per unit volume or, simply, the mass density of the fluid element.  Clearly, when the mass of a Lagrangian fluid element is conserved, the fluid element's mass density changes only in accordance with the divergence of the local velocity field. 

Similarly, if we are following the evolution of a fluid that expands and contracts adiabatically, we should expect to encounter an equation of the form, 
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{ds}{dt} + s\nabla\cdot \vec{v}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
0 \, ,
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or, equivalently, &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\ln s}{dt} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~- \nabla\cdot \vec{v} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, <math>~s</math> is the entropy density of a Lagrangian fluid element.  Or, if an axisymmetric distribution of fluid is moving in an axisymmetric potential, we should expect the azimuthal component of the fluid's angular momentum to be conserved, in which case we should expect to encounter a dynamical equation of the form,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho \varpi v_\phi)}{dt} + (\rho \varpi v_\phi) \nabla\cdot \vec{v}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
0 \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, <math>~\varpi</math> is the Lagrangian fluid element's (cylindrical radial) distance measured from the symmetry axis of the underlying potential and <math>~v_\phi = \varpi\dot\phi</math> is the azimuthal component of the inertial velocity field, <math>~\vec{v}</math>, at the location of the fluid element.

===Alternative Reference Frames===

Now, we might want to examine the time-dependent behavior of a fluid system while viewing the flow from a reference frame that is more or less moving along with the fluid.  This new frame of reference need not be an inertial frame; for example, when studying a rotating fluid, we may want to view the system's evolution from a rotating frame of reference.  This will be accomplished mathematically by adjusting the dynamical equations so that the velocity that appears in the divergence term accounts for the new "frame" velocity field; specifically, we want to replace <math>~\vec{v}</math> with,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\vec{u} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\vec{v} - \vec{v}_\mathrm{frame} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
(Here, we will consider only time-independent functional expressions for the frame velocity, <math>~\vec{v}_\mathrm{frame}</math>.)  Of course, switching to the rotating frame must be done in such a way that the resulting, new PDE describes exactly the same physical behavior of the system as was described by the original equation; that is, the new equation must be derivable from the original one.  

If <math>~\vec{v}_\mathrm{frame}</math> is a divergence-free velocity field, then the transformation is trivial.  For example, if we choose a frame of reference that is rotating uniformly with angular velocity, <math>~\Omega_0</math>, then,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\vec{v}_\mathrm{frame} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_\phi (\varpi \Omega_0) \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
and, utilizing cylindrical coordinates,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\nabla\cdot\vec{v}_\mathrm{frame} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial(0)}{\partial \varpi} + \frac{1}{\varpi}\frac{\partial(\varpi \Omega_0)}{\partial \phi}
+ \frac{\partial(0)}{\partial z} = 0 \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Hence, 
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\psi}{dt} + \psi \nabla\cdot \vec{u}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{d\psi}{dt} + \psi \nabla\cdot [\vec{v} - \vec{v}_\mathrm{frame}]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{d\psi}{dt} + \psi \nabla\cdot \vec{v} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
so the new generic hyperbolic PDE becomes,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\psi}{dt} + \psi \nabla\cdot \vec{u}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
and we can be confident that this new PDE represents the physics of the system just as well as the original PDE.

===Eulerian Representation===
We can shift any of the PDEs from a Lagrangian to an Eulerian representation &#8212; and thereby use them to follow the time-rate of change of physical variables at a point in space that is fixed with respect to the chosen frame of reference &#8212; by using the following transformation to replace each total time derivative with a partial time derivative:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\psi}{dt}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~~~\rightarrow~~~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t} + \vec{u} \cdot \nabla\psi \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Hence, the "new" generic hyperbolic PDE derived above can be rewritten as,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} + \vec{u} \cdot \nabla\psi + \psi \nabla\cdot \vec{u}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
or, more succinctly,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot (\psi \vec{u} )
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
This equation also is broadly recognized as a conservation statement because, when <math>~S = 0</math>, the variable <math>~\psi</math> will represent the volume density of a conserved quantity. 

We should emphasize that the inertial-frame version of this Eulerian conservation equation can be retrieved straightforwardly by setting <math>~\Omega_0 = 0</math>, which is equivalent to setting <math>~\vec{u} = \vec{v}</math>.  It is,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot (\psi \vec{v})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
The physics of the flow that is being described by this PDE is identical to the physics that is described by the preceding PDE.  But an important distinction must be made regarding how the two equations are ''interpreted.''  The "inertial frame" version of the equation (explicitly containing <math>~\vec{v}</math>) provides the time-rate of change of <math>~\psi</math> at a fixed point in ''inertial'' space, while the "new" version (explicitly containing <math>~\vec{u}</math>) provides the time-rate of change of <math>~\psi</math> at a fixed point in our "new" ''rotating'' coordinate frame.

===Angular Momentum Conservation===
When the three vector components of the Euler equation (of motion) are projected onto a nonrotating cylindrical coordinate grid, the azimuthal component of the Euler equation may be written as,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho \varpi v_\phi)}{dt} + (\rho \varpi v_\phi) \nabla\cdot \vec{v}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-\frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial\phi} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
For this equation, the source term is identified as,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~S
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-\frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial\phi} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
and <math>~\psi = (\rho\varpi v_\phi)</math> is the ''inertial-frame'' angular momentum density, as measured with respect to the <math>~z</math>-coordinate axis.  This corresponds the scalar equation and representation referred to as "Case B (<math>~\eta=3</math>)" in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C CTL (2010)].

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">
From Tables 6.1 &amp; 6.2 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)]
<br>
'''Case B''' <math>~(\eta = 3)</math>
<br>
with the following replacements: 
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(\rho h)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \rho</math>&nbsp;&nbsp; ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi</math>  ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R u^\phi)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi\dot\phi = v_\phi</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\psi_{(3)}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~S_{(3)}</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rho \varpi v_\phi</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~ - \frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial\phi}</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


As foreshadowed above &#8212; see the [[User:Tohline/PGE/Hybrid_Scheme#Recognizing_Statements_of_Conservatio|subsection titled, ''Recognizing Statements of Conservation'']] &#8212; the angular momentum of a Lagrangian fluid element will be conserved if the "source" term, <math>~S = 0</math>.  This situation will arise if, at the fluid element's location, the azimuthal pressure variation, <math>~\partial P/\partial\phi</math>, and the azimuthal variation in the gravitational potential, <math>~\partial \Phi/\partial\phi</math>, are both zero, or if the two balance one another (''i.e.,''<math>~\partial P/\partial\phi=-\rho\partial\Phi/\partial\phi</math>).

Based on the above discussion, we can equally well view the flow from a frame of reference that is rotating with a constant angular velocity, <math>~\Omega_0</math>, and write, 
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho \varpi v_\phi)}{dt} + (\rho \varpi v_\phi) \nabla\cdot \vec{u}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-\frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial\phi} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, as before,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\vec{u} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\equiv~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\vec{v} - \boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_\phi \varpi\Omega_0 \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Also, following the earlier discussion, if one wants to follow the time-variation of the fluid's inertial-frame angular momentum at a fixed location in inertial space, then the appropriate Eulerian representation of this azimuthal component of the equation of motion is,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho \varpi v_\phi)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho \varpi v_\phi) \vec{v}]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
If, however, one wants to follow the time-variation of the fluid's inertial-frame angular momentum at a fixed location on a rotating coordinate grid, then the appropriate Eulerian representation of this azimuthal component of the equation of motion is obtained by replacing the "transport" velocity, <math>~\vec{v}</math> with <math>~\vec{u}</math>; specifically, 
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho \varpi v_\phi)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho \varpi v_\phi) \vec{u}]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

===An Element of the Hybrid Scheme===

This last equation displays one subtle, but valuable, element of the hybrid scheme developed by [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)].  The velocity component, <math>~v_\phi</math>, that appears in the formulation of the relevant conserved quantity &#8212; the inertial-frame angular momentum density &#8212; is drawn from the velocity vector, <math>~\vec{v}</math>, which is different from the transport velocity vector, <math>~\vec{u}</math>, that defines the Eulerian frame from which the dynamical evolution of the system is being viewed.  This equation is usually written, instead, in a form such that the angular momentum density is expressed in terms of the azimuthal component of the transport velocity; see, for example, equation (7) in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...224..497N Norman &amp; Wilson (1978)] and equation (12) in  [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...490..311N New &amp; Tohline (1997)].  In this more familiar formulation, the momentum density and the transport velocity both directly refer to the same frame of reference.  But, as a consequence, the source term is more complicated.  

The more familiar formulation &#8212; including its modified source term &#8212; can be derived from our "hybrid" formulation by recognizing that,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~v_\phi
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~u_\phi + \varpi\Omega_0 \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

So we can write,

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial [\rho \varpi (u_\phi + \varpi\Omega_0 ) ]}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot \{[\rho \varpi ( u_\phi + \varpi\Omega_0)] \vec{u} \}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~S_{\phi i} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, as shorthand, we have used,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~S_{\phi i}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\equiv~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial\phi} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
This implies,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho \varpi u_\phi )}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [ (\rho \varpi u_\phi) \vec{u} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S_{\phi i} - \frac{\partial [\rho \varpi (\varpi\Omega_0 ) ]}{\partial t} - \nabla\cdot \{[\rho \varpi (\varpi\Omega_0)] \vec{u} \} 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S_{\phi i} - \varpi^2\Omega_0 \biggl\{ \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot (\rho \vec{u} ) \biggr\} - \rho \vec{u}\cdot \nabla(\varpi^2 \Omega_0)
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
S_{\phi i} - 2\rho \varpi u_\varpi \Omega_0 \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
As we see, all terms involving the velocity now explicitly refer to <math>~\vec{u}</math> and, hence, to the velocity as measured in the rotating reference frame.  But the source now includes a Coriolis term.  This corresponds the scalar equation and representation referred to as "Case B (<math>~\eta=3'</math>)" in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C CTL (2010)].

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">
From Tables 6.1 &amp; 6.2 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)]
<br>
'''Case B''' <math>~(\eta = 3')</math>
<br>
as before: 
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(\rho h)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \rho</math>&nbsp;&nbsp; ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi</math>  ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R u^\phi)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi\dot\phi = v_\phi</math>
<br>additional replacements:
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(\bar\omega u^{t'})_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \Omega_0</math>  ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~u^R \rightarrow v_\varpi = u_\varpi</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\psi_{(3')}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~S_{(3')}</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rho \varpi (v_\phi - \varpi\Omega_0) = \rho \varpi u_\phi </math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~ - \frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial\phi} - 2\rho\varpi u_\varpi \Omega_0</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

===Even Broader Generalization===
As [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)] point out, we are free to measure &#8212; and follow the evolution of &#8212; the angular momentum density with respect to any of a variety of different rotating frames of reference.  Specifically, we are not constrained to choose between the inertial (nonrotating) frame &#8212; in which the measured angular momentum density is <math>~(\rho\varpi v_\phi)</math> &#8212; and the "grid" frame &#8212; in which the measured angular momentum density is <math>~\rho\varpi u_\phi = \rho\varpi(v_\phi - \varpi\Omega_0)</math>.  Quite generally, we can choose to measure the angular momentum with respect to a separate "primed" frame that is rotating with angular velocity <math>~\omega_0</math> and in which the measured azimuthal component of the fluid velocity is,
<div align="center">
<math>
~v'_\phi ~= ~v_\phi - \varpi \omega_0 \, .
</math>
</div>
With this definition in hand, we also recognize that,
<div align="center">
<math>
~u_\phi = v_\phi - \varpi\Omega_0 = v'_\phi + \varpi (\omega_0 - \Omega_0) \, .
</math>
</div>
These two substitutions allow us to rewrite the angular momentum evolution equation in the forms that [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)] label as Case C (<math>~\eta=3</math>) and Case C (<math>~\eta=3'</math>).

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">
From Tables 6.1 &amp; 6.2 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)]
<br>
'''Case C''' <math>~(\eta = 3)</math>
<br>
with the following replacements: 
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(\rho h)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \rho</math>&nbsp;&nbsp; ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi</math>  ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R u^\phi)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi\dot\phi = v_\phi</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\psi_{(3)}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~S_{(3)}</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rho \varpi (v'_\phi +\varpi\omega_0) = \rho \varpi v_\phi</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~ - \frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial\phi}</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
&nbsp;<br>
&nbsp;

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="100%">
<tr>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">
From Tables 6.1 &amp; 6.2 of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010CQGra..27q5002C Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010)]
<br>
'''Case C''' <math>~(\eta = 3')</math>
<br>
as before: 
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(\rho h)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \rho</math>&nbsp;&nbsp; ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi</math>  ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(R u^\phi)_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \varpi\dot\phi = v_\phi</math>
<br>additional replacements:
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~(\bar\omega u^{t'})_\mathrm{CTL} \rightarrow \Omega_0</math>  ;
&nbsp;&nbsp; <math>~u^R \rightarrow v_\varpi = u_\varpi</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\psi_{(3')}</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~S_{(3')}</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rho \varpi[ v'_\phi + \varpi (\omega_0 - \Omega_0)] = \rho \varpi u_\phi </math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~ - \frac{\partial P}{\partial\phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial\phi} - 2\rho\varpi u_\varpi \Omega_0</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
In the latter case, <math>~v'_\phi</math> becomes <math>~u_\phi</math>, as it should, when the choice is made to measure the angular momentum density in the "grid" frame, that is, when the choice is made to set <math>~\omega_0 = \Omega_0</math>.

=Zach's Dissertation Paper=
== Section 2.3==
Building on our introductory discussion of the [[User:Tohline/PGE/RotatingFrame#Euler_Equation_.28rotating_frame.29|Euler equation]] (see also Appendix 1.D, &sect;3 of [[User:Tohline/Appendix/References|BT87]]), we begin with the,

<div align="center">
<font color="#770000">'''Lagrangian Representation'''</font><br />
of the Euler Equation <br />
<font color="#770000">'''as viewed from a Rotating Reference Frame'''</font>

<math>\frac{d\mathbf{u'}}{dt} = - \frac{1}{\rho} \nabla P - \nabla \Phi - 2{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times {\mathbf{u'}} - {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times ({\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})</math> ,
</div>
where we choose to define the frame rotation by the vector,
<div align="center">
<math>~\vec{\Omega}_f \equiv \hat\mathbf{k} \Omega_0 \, ,</math>
</div>
and,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\mathbf{u'}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\mathbf{u} - \mathbf{u}_\mathrm{frame} = \mathbf{u} - {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x}\, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
is the velocity field as viewed from the frame of reference that is rotating at constant angular frequency, <math>~\Omega_0</math>.  (Note that we can retrieve the inertial-frame Euler equation and inertial-frame variables by setting <math>~\Omega_0 = 0</math> at any point in the subsequent derivations.)  Because the velocity field introduced by frame rotation is divergence free, that is, because,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}_\mathrm{frame}  =
\nabla\cdot [{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x}] = \nabla\cdot [ {\hat\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0\times (\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R R + \mathbf{\hat{k}}z) ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\nabla\cdot(\hat\mathbf{e}_\varphi R\Omega_0) = \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial\varphi} \biggl(R\Omega_0 \biggr) = 0 \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
the relevant (rotating-frame) continuity equation is identical in form to its inertial-frame counterpart, specifically,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d\rho}{dt} + \rho\nabla\cdot\mathbf{u'}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~0 \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
We can transform the above rotating-frame Euler equation to a momentum conservation equation by multiplying the equation through by <math>~\rho</math> and using the continuity equation to combine and simplify the left-hand-side, obtaining,

<div align="center">
<math>\frac{d(\rho\mathbf{u'})}{dt} + (\rho\mathbf{u' })\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} = - \nabla P - \rho \nabla \Phi - 2\rho {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times {\mathbf{u'}} - \rho {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times ({\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})</math> ,
</div>

In order to convert this general-purpose vector equation into the specific set of scalar component equations that embody the desired elements of our hybrid scheme, we need to:
* Step 1:  Choose the unit-vector basis set associated with the momentum components that we want to track &#8212; <math>(\mathbf{\hat{i}}, \mathbf{\hat{j}}, \mathbf\hat{k})</math> if tracking linear momentum, or, <math>(\mathbf\hat{e}_R, \mathbf\hat{e}_\varphi, \mathbf\hat{k})</math> if tracking radial and angular momentum &#8212; and break the vector equation into these specified components;
* Step 2:  In all relevant equations, replace the scalar components of the "rotating-frame" momentum density with the scalar components of the "intertial-frame" momentum density, drawing each component relation from the vector transformation, <math>\rho\mathbf{u'} = \rho\mathbf{u} - \rho {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x}</math>;
* Step 3:  Write all of the spatial operators in terms of spatial derivatives that are associated with the unit-vector basis set of the desired computational mesh.

===Focus on Tracking Linear Momentum ===
====Step 1====
If the focus is on tracking linear momentum components, then we need to break the vector momentum equation into its <math>(\mathbf\hat{i}, \mathbf\hat{j}, \mathbf\hat{k})</math> components.  This is done by, in turn, "dotting" each unit vector into the vector equation.  It is straightforward once we appreciate that the orientation of these Cartesian unit vectors does not vary in space and that, within the context of the rotating frame on which they are defined, these unit vectors do not vary in time.  Hence, the first term in the vector equation &#8212; the ''material'' time derivative &#8212; can be written as, 
<div align="center">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho\mathbf{u'})}{dt} = 
\frac{d}{dt} [ \mathbf{\hat{i}} (\rho u'_x) + \mathbf{\hat{j}} (\rho u'_y) + \mathbf{\hat{k}} (\rho u'_z) ] =
\mathbf{\hat{i}} \frac{d(\rho u'_x)}{dt}  + \mathbf{\hat{j}} \frac{d(\rho u'_y)}{dt}  + \mathbf{\hat{k}} \frac{d(\rho u'_z)}{dt}  \, , 
</math>
</div>
and the process of "dotting" each unit vector into the equation leads to the following set of scalar momentum-component equations:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{i}}:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho u'_x)}{dt} + (\rho u'_x)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + 2\rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot[\mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0 u'_y - \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0 u'_x] + \rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot[ \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0^2 x + \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0^2 y] \,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho u'_x)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u'_x)\mathbf{u'}]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + 2\rho \Omega_0 u'_y + \rho \Omega_0^2 x \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{j}}:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho u'_y)}{dt} + (\rho u'_y)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + 2\rho \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot[\mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0 u'_y - \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0 u'_x] + \rho \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot[ \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0^2 x + \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0^2 y] \,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho u'_y)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u'_y) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla \Phi - 2\rho \Omega_0 u'_x + \rho \Omega_0^2 y \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}}:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho u'_z)}{dt} + (\rho u'_z)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + 2\rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot[\mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0 u'_y - \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0 u'_x] + \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot[ \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0^2 x + \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0^2 y] \,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho u'_z)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho u'_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \Phi \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>
In deriving these expressions, we also (a) have recognized from the start that, when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, 

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
{\hat\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0\times (\mathbf{\hat{i}}x + \mathbf{\hat{j}}y + \mathbf{\hat{k}}z) 
=  - \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0 y + \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0 x \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times ({\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\hat{\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0 \times ( - \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0 y + \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0 x )
=  - \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0^2 x - \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0^2 y \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times {\mathbf{u'}} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
{\hat\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0\times (\mathbf{\hat{i}}u'_x + \mathbf{\hat{j}}u'_y + \mathbf{\hat{k}}u'_z) 
=  - \mathbf{\hat{i}}\Omega_0 u'_y + \mathbf{\hat{j}}\Omega_0 u'_x\, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>
and (b) have used the familiar operator mapping, 
<div align="center">
<math>\frac{d}{dt} \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial t} + \mathbf{u'}\cdot \nabla  \, ,</math>
</div>
to shift from the total (Lagrangian) time derivative to the partial (Eulerian) time derivative, which is usually the more desirable representation for computational simulations.

====Step 2====
Next, throughout this set of scalar equations, we replace each component of <math>~\rho\mathbf{u'}</math> with the corresponding component of <math>~(\rho\mathbf{u} - \rho {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})</math>, that is, we perform the following mappings:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\rho u'_x
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\rho (u_x +\Omega_0 y) \, , 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\rho u'_y
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\rho (u_y - \Omega_0 x) \, , 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\rho u'_z
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\rho u_z \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>
As a result, the first of the three "hybrid" momentum-component equations becomes,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial [ \rho (u_x +\Omega_0 y) ] }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot \{ [\rho (u_x +\Omega_0 y) ]\mathbf{u'}\}
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + 2\rho \Omega_0  (u_y - \Omega_0 x) + \rho \Omega_0^2 x 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho u_x)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_x) \mathbf{u'} ]
+ \Omega_0 y\biggl[ \frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot ( \rho  \mathbf{u'} ) \biggr]
+ ( \rho  \mathbf{u'} )\cdot\nabla (\Omega_0 y)
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + 2\rho \Omega_0 u_y - \rho \Omega_0^2 x \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Referencing the continuity equation, the middle bracketed term on the left-hand side can be set to zero; and the last term on the left-hand side,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
( \rho  \mathbf{u'} )\cdot\nabla (\Omega_0 y)
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\rho \Omega_0 u'_y = \rho\Omega_0(u_y - \Omega_0 x) \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div> 
can be combined with terms on the right-hand side &#8212; cutting the Coriolis term in half and canceling the centrifugal acceleration term &#8212; to give,

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_x)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_x) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla \Phi + \rho \Omega_0 u_y  \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Following a similar sequence of steps, the other two "hybrid" momentum conservation relations become,

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_y)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_y) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla \Phi - \rho \Omega_0 u_x  \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \Phi  \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

====Step 3====
'''<font color="red">Cartesian Grid:</font>''' Assuming the numerical simulation will be conducted on a Cartesian coordinate mesh, the divergence (advection) term on the left-hand-side should be evaluated by breaking the transport velocity into its three Cartesian components,
<div align="center">
<math>~\mathbf{u'} = (u'_x, u'_y, u'_z) \, ,</math>
</div>
and, on the right-hand-side, the projection of the spatial operators should be written in the familiar form,
<div align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, .</math>
</div>
In summary, then, the relevant set of momentum conservation equations is,

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%">
<tr>
  <td align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen">
'''Cartesian Components of the Inertial-Frame Momentum'''<br>
<font size="-1">advected across a</font><br>
'''Rotating, Cartesian Coordinate Mesh'''
  </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_x)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_x) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial x}  P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \Phi + \rho \Omega_0 u_y 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_y)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_y) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial y}  P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \Phi - \rho \Omega_0 u_x
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\Phi  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
  <td align="left">
This is the set of equations that has served as the foundation of the ''Cartesian'' simulations reported in Byerly, Adelstein-Lelbach, Tohline, &amp; Marcello (2014).
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


'''<font color="red">Cylindrical Grid:</font>''' If, instead, the numerical simulation is to be conducted on a cylindrical coordinate mesh, the spatial operators on both sides of the component momentum equations should be broken down into their cylindrical-coordinate components.  In concert with this, the divergence (advection) term on the left-hand-side should be evaluated by breaking the transport velocity into its three cylindrical components,
<div align="center">
<math>~\mathbf{u'} = (u'_R, u'_\varphi, u'_z) \, .</math>
</div>
Furthermore, recognizing that, when written in cylindrical coordinates, the gradient operator is,
<div align="center">
<math>
\nabla = \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \frac{\partial}{\partial R} + 
\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi} +\mathbf{\hat{e}}_z \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, ,
</math>
</div>
and that the unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates can be related to their Cartesian counterparts via the mappings,
<div align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R = \mathbf{\hat{i}} \cos\varphi + \mathbf{\hat{j}} \sin\varphi \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi = \mathbf{\hat{j}} \cos\varphi - \mathbf{\hat{i}} \sin\varphi \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_z = \mathbf{\hat{k}}  \, ,</math><br>
</div>
the relevant projections of the gradient operator on the right-hand-sides of the governing equations should take the form,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{i}}\cdot\nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ \cos\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial R} - 
\frac{\sin\varphi}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\biggr] \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{j}}\cdot\nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ \sin\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial R} + 
\frac{\cos\varphi}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\biggr] \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

In summary, then, the relevant set of momentum conservation equations is,

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
  <td align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen">
'''Cartesian Components of the Inertial-Frame Momentum'''<br>
<font size="-1">advected across a</font><br>
'''Rotating, Cylindrical Coordinate Mesh'''
  </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_x)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_x) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \biggl[ \cos\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial R} - 
\frac{\sin\varphi}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\biggr] P - 
\rho \biggl[ \cos\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial R} - 
\frac{\sin\varphi}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\biggr] \Phi + \rho \Omega_0 u_y 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_y)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_y) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \biggl[ \sin\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial R} + 
\frac{\cos\varphi}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\biggr]  P - \rho \biggl[ \sin\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial R} + 
\frac{\cos\varphi}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}\biggr] \Phi - \rho \Omega_0 u_x  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\Phi  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</td></tr>
</table>
</div>

===Focus on Tracking Angular Momentum ===
====Step 1====
If the focus is on tracking angular momentum, then we need to break the vector momentum equation into its <math>(\mathbf\hat{e}_R, \mathbf\hat{e}_\varphi, \mathbf\hat{k})</math> components.  As before, this is done by "dotting" each unit vector into the vector equation. This is less straightforward than in the Cartesian case because the orientation of both the <math>\mathbf\hat{e}_R</math> and <math>\mathbf\hat{e}_\varphi</math> unit vectors vary in space.  As a result, the first term in the vector equation &#8212; the ''material'' time derivative &#8212; generates a couple of extra terms, viz., 
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho\mathbf{u'})}{dt} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{d}{dt} [ \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R (\rho u'_R) + \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi (\rho u'_\varphi) + \mathbf{\hat{k}} (\rho u'_z) ] 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \frac{d(\rho u'_R)}{dt}  + \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \frac{d(\rho u'_\varphi)}{dt}  + \mathbf{\hat{k}} \frac{d(\rho u'_z)}{dt}  
+ (\rho u'_R) \frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R  + (\rho u'_\varphi) \frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi   \, , 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \frac{d(\rho u'_R)}{dt}  + \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \frac{d(\rho u'_\varphi)}{dt}  + \mathbf{\hat{k}} \frac{d(\rho u'_z)}{dt}  
+ \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi(\rho u'_R) \frac{u'_\varphi}{R}  - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R(\rho u'_\varphi) \frac{u'_\varphi}{R}   \, . 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
We also recognize that, when expressed in cylindrical coordinates, 

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
{\hat\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0\times (\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R R + \mathbf{\hat{k}}z) 
=  \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_0 R \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times ({\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\hat{\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0 \times ( \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_0 R )
=  - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0^2 R \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
{\vec{\Omega}}_f \times {\mathbf{u'}} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
{\hat\mathbf{k}} \Omega_0\times (\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R u'_R + \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi u'_\varphi + \mathbf{\hat{k}}u'_z) 
=  \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_0 u'_R - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0 u'_\varphi  \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>

Hence, the process of "dotting" each unit vector into the equation leads to the following set of scalar momentum-component equations:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho u'_R)}{dt} + (\rho u'_R)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} - (\rho u'_\varphi) \frac{u'_\varphi}{R}  
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot [ \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_0 u'_R - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0 u'_\varphi  ] 
+ \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R\cdot (\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0^2 R) \,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho u'_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u'_R)\mathbf{u'}]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla \Phi 
+ \frac{\rho}{R} \biggl[ (u'_\varphi)^2 + 2R\Omega_0 u'_\varphi + (\Omega_0 R)^2 \biggr] \, 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla \Phi 
+ \frac{\rho}{R} (u'_\varphi + R\Omega_0)^2 \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho u'_\varphi)}{dt} + (\rho u'_\varphi)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} + (\rho u'_R) \frac{u'_\varphi}{R}  
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot\nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot [ \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_0 u'_R - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0 u'_\varphi  ] 
+ \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi\cdot (\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0^2 R) \,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
(mult. thru by R)
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{d(\rho R u'_\varphi)}{dt} + (\rho R u'_\varphi)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R \nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho R \Omega_0 u'_R    \, 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho R u'_\varphi)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho R u'_\varphi) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R \nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho R \Omega_0 u'_R    \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}}:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{d(\rho u'_z)}{dt} + (\rho u'_z)\nabla\cdot \mathbf{u'} 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{k}} \cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}} \cdot\nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho \mathbf{\hat{k}} \cdot [ \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \Omega_0 u'_R - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0 u'_\varphi  ] 
+ \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot (\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \Omega_0^2 R) \,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho u'_z)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho u'_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \Phi \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>

----
'''<font color="lightblue">ASIDE:</font>''' If we pause our discussion here and map this set of component equations onto a (rotating) cylindrical coordinate mesh &#8212; that is, if on the right-hand-sides we implement the straightforward operator projections,
<div align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi} \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, ,</math>
</div>
we obtain a formulation that is familiar to the astrophysics community.  For example, as the following table of equations illustrates, it is the component set that has been spelled out in equations (5) - (7) of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...224..497N Norman &amp; Wilson (1978)] and equations (11), (12), &amp; (3) of  [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...490..311N New &amp; Tohline (1997)].


<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%">
<tr>
  <td align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen">
'''Cylindrical Components of the Rotating-Frame Momentum'''<br>
<font size="-1">advected across a</font><br>
'''Rotating, Cylindrical Coordinate Mesh'''
  </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u'_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u'_R)\mathbf{u'}]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial R} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial R}\Phi 
+ \frac{\rho}{R} \biggl[ (u'_\varphi)^2 + 2R\Omega_0 u'_\varphi + (\Omega_0 R)^2 \biggr] \, 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho R u'_\varphi)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho R u'_\varphi) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial\varphi} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial\varphi}\Phi 
- 2\rho R \Omega_0 u'_R   
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u'_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u'_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\Phi  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
  <td align="left">
[[File:NormanWilson78C.png|650px|center|Norman &amp; Wilson (1978)]]
Note:  For complete correspondence, set <math>(\gamma-1)E \rightarrow P</math> in all three component equations.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td align="left">
[[File:NewTohline97B.png|650px|center|New &amp; Tohline (1997)]]
Note:  When comparing this set of equations to the set presented by Norman &amp; Wilson (1978), the definitions of the variables, <math>~\mathcal{S}</math> and <math>~\mathcal{T}</math>, must be swapped.
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

[<font color="red">Comment by J. E. Tohline (April 7, 2014)</font>]  This is the set of equations that my research group has been using to simulate a wide variety of astrophysical fluid flows over the past twenty years. This is no longer our method of choice, however.   A numerical algorithm based on the hybrid scheme, as summarized below, is far preferable to an algorithm that is based on this more familiar, traditional set of equations for several reasons:
* In the hybrid scheme, the Coriolis term disappears from the source term, so it is much easier to design and implement a computational algorithm that conserves angular momentum conservation.
* Although the hybrid scheme advects ''inertial-frame'' angular momentum, it retains all of the advantages associated with using a ''rotating'' frame of reference; for example, numerical diffusion is less severe and, in general, the Courant-limited time-step is larger than would be the case if you were forced to transport fluid in the inertial frame of reference.
* The hybrid scheme facilitates transport (and conservation) of angular momentum across a (rotating) ''Cartesian'' mesh.  This facilitates the use of adaptive-mesh refinement (AMR) techniques and simplifies load-balancing on distributed memory, high-performance computers.

----

====Step 2====
Next, throughout this set of scalar equations, we replace each component of <math>~\rho\mathbf{u'}</math> with the corresponding component of <math>~(\rho\mathbf{u} - \rho {\vec{\Omega}}_f \times \vec{x})</math><math>= (\rho\mathbf{u} -\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \rho R\Omega_0)</math>, that is, we perform the following mappings:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\rho u'_R
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\rho u_R \, ,
</math>
  </td>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\rho u'_\varphi
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\rho (u_\varphi - R\Omega_0 ) \, , 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\rho u'_z
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\rho u_z \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>
As a result, the first and third of the three "hybrid" momentum-component equations become, respectively,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_R)\mathbf{u'}]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla \Phi 
+ \frac{\rho u^2_\varphi}{R}  \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}}:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \Phi  \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
The second of the three "hybrid" momentum component equations &#8212; the one governing conservation of angular momentum &#8212; becomes,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial [\rho R (u_\varphi - R\Omega_0 ) ]}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot \{ [\rho R (u_\varphi - R\Omega_0 ) ] \mathbf{u'} ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R \nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho R \Omega_0 u_R    \, 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\Rightarrow ~~~~~ \frac{\partial (\rho R u_\varphi)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho R u_\varphi) \mathbf{u'} ]
- R^2 \Omega_0 \biggl[ \frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot ( \rho  \mathbf{u'} ) \biggr]
- ( \rho  \mathbf{u'} )\cdot\nabla (R^2 \Omega_0)
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R \nabla \Phi 
- 2\rho R \Omega_0 u_R    \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</div>
Referencing the continuity equation, as before, the middle bracketed term on the left-hand side can be set to zero; and the last term on the left-hand side,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
( \rho  \mathbf{u'} )\cdot\nabla (R^2\Omega_0)
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
2\rho R \Omega_0 u_R  \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div> 
matches and, hence, exactly cancels the Coriolis term on the right-hand side to give,

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho R u_\varphi)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho R u_\varphi) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R\nabla P - \rho \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot R \nabla \Phi   \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


====Step 3====

'''<font color="red">Cylindrical Grid:</font>''' If the numerical simulation is to be conducted on a cylindrical coordinate mesh, the spatial operators on both sides of the component momentum equations should be broken down into their cylindrical-coordinate components.  That is, as in the above "<font color="lightblue">ASIDE</font>," the appropriate operator projections on the right-hand-sides of the equations are,
<div align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi} \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla \rightarrow \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, .</math>
</div>
In concert with this, the divergence (advection) term on the left-hand-side should be evaluated by breaking the transport velocity into its three cylindrical components,
<div align="center">
<math>~\mathbf{u'} = (u'_R, u'_\varphi, u'_z) \, .</math>
</div>
The relevant set of momentum conservation equations is, therefore,

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
  <td align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen">
'''Cylindrical Components of the Inertial-Frame Momentum'''<br>
<font size="-1">advected across a</font><br>
'''Rotating, Cylindrical Coordinate Mesh'''
  </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_R)\mathbf{u'}]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial R}  P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \Phi  + \frac{\rho u^2_\varphi}{R}
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho R u_\varphi)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho R u_\varphi) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi}  \Phi  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\Phi 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</td></tr>
</table>
</div>


'''<font color="red">Cartesian Grid:</font>''' If, instead, the numerical simulation is to be conducted on a Cartesian coordinate mesh, the spatial operators on both sides of the component momentum equations should be broken down into their Cartesian-coordinate components.  In concert with this, the divergence (advection) term on the left-hand-side should be evaluated by breaking the transport velocity into its three Cartesian components,
<div align="center">
<math>~\mathbf{u'} = (u'_x, u'_y, u'_z) \, .</math>
</div>
Furthermore, recognizing that, when written in Cartesian coordinates, the gradient operator is,
<div align="center">
<math>
\nabla = \mathbf{\hat{i}} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + 
\mathbf{\hat{j}} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} +\mathbf{\hat{k}} \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, ,
</math>
</div>
and that the unit vectors in Cartesian coordinates can be related to their cylindrical counterparts via the mappings,
<div align="center">
<math>\mathbf{\hat{i}} = \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cos\varphi - \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \sin\varphi \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{j}} = \mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \sin\varphi + \mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cos\varphi \, ,</math>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<math>\mathbf{\hat{k}} = \mathbf{\hat{k}}  \, ,</math><br>
</div>
the relevant projections of the gradient operator on the right-hand-sides of the governing equations should take the form,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{e}}_R \cdot\nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ \cos\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial x} +\sin\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr] 
= \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2+y^2)^{1/2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} +\frac{y}{(x^2+y^2)^{1/2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr]  \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
R\mathbf{\hat{e}}_\varphi \cdot\nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ - R\sin\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial x} +R\cos\varphi \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr] 
= \biggl[ - y \frac{\partial}{\partial x} +x \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr]  \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\mathbf{\hat{k}}\cdot\nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~\rightarrow~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial z} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

In summary, then, the relevant set of momentum conservation equations is,

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
  <td align="center" bgcolor="lightgreen">
'''Cylindrical Components of the Inertial-Frame Momentum'''<br>
<font size="-1">advected across a</font><br>
'''Rotating, Cartesian Coordinate Mesh'''
  </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_R)\mathbf{u'}]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2+y^2)^{1/2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} +\frac{y}{(x^2+y^2)^{1/2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr] P 
- \rho \biggl[ \frac{x}{(x^2+y^2)^{1/2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} +\frac{y}{(x^2+y^2)^{1/2}} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr] \Phi 
+ \frac{\rho u^2_\varphi}{R}  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho R u_\varphi)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho R u_\varphi) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ y \frac{\partial}{\partial x} - x \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr]  P 
+ \rho \biggl[ y \frac{\partial}{\partial x} - x \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr] \Phi  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\rho u_z)  }{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot [(\rho u_z) \mathbf{u'} ]
</math> 
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{\partial}{\partial z} P - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}  \Phi  
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
  <td align="left">
This is the set of equations that has served as the foundation of the so-called ''Hybrid'' simulations reported in Byerly, Adelstein-Lelbach, Tohline, &amp; Marcello (2014).
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>


{{LSU_WorkInProgress}}

==Abbreviated Arguments==
This is the set of abbreviated arguments that I think should be used in &sect;2.3 of our "hybrid scheme" ApJ paper, that is, the paper by Z. D. Byerly, B. Adelstein-Lelbach, J. E. Tohline, &amp; D. C. Marcello (2014).

We evolve the following two coupled fluid equations,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \rho + \nabla\cdot\rho\mathbf{u}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
0 \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
and,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} (\rho\mathbf{v}) + \nabla\cdot(\rho\mathbf{v}\mathbf{u})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-\nabla p - \rho\nabla\Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, <math>~\rho</math> is the mass density, <math>~p</math> is the gas pressure,  both <math>~\mathbf{v}</math> and <math>~\mathbf{u}</math> identify the same fluid velocity field (that is, <math>~\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{u}</math>), and <math>~\Phi</math> is the gravitational potential generated by a central point mass, <math>~M_\mathrm{pt}</math>, specifically,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\Phi
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~ -\frac{GM_\mathrm{pt}}{(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)^{1/2}} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
We use two different variables to represent the same velocity field to emphasize that, following Call et al. (2010), we have the freedom to choose different coordinate bases for each of the velocity terms that appear in the dyadic tensor product, <math>~\mathbf{v}\mathbf{u}</math>, in the nonlinear advection term of equation (7).  See Appendix A for further elaboration.

[<font color="red">NOTE:  We need to add an energy equation and an equation of state.  Make sure that all notation is completely consistent with the notation used in Dominic's Appendix B.</font>]

When rewriting the "momentum conservation" equation (7?) in terms of three orthogonal vector components, we begin by identifying two familiar sets of equations:  When advecting Cartesian momentum components &#8212; <math>~s_x \equiv \rho v_x</math>, <math>~ s_y \equiv \rho v_y</math>, <math>~ s_z \equiv \rho v_z</math> &#8212; we start with,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_x + \nabla\cdot (s_x \mathbf{u})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_x \cdot \nabla p - ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_x \cdot \rho \nabla \Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_y + \nabla\cdot (s_y \mathbf{u})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_y \cdot \nabla p - ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_y \cdot \rho \nabla \Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_z + \nabla\cdot (s_z \mathbf{u})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_z \cdot \nabla p - ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_z \cdot \rho \nabla \Phi \, ;
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
and, when advecting cylindrical momentum components &#8212; <math>~s_R \equiv \rho v_R</math>, <math>~ \ell_z \equiv R \rho v_\varphi</math>, <math>~ s_z \equiv \rho v_z</math> &#8212; the <math>~z</math>-component is identical to the Cartesian case but the other two orthogonal components are,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_R + \nabla\cdot (s_R \mathbf{u})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_R \cdot \nabla p - ~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_R \cdot \rho \nabla \Phi 
+ \frac{\ell^2_z}{\rho R^3}\, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \ell_z + \nabla\cdot (\ell_z \mathbf{u})
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~R \hat{\mathbf{e}}_\varphi \cdot \nabla p - ~R\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\varphi \cdot \rho \nabla \Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, <math>~R \equiv (x^2 + y^2)^{1/2}</math>.

These familiar sets of equations are morphed into the sets of equations used in our hybrid scheme by recognizing several things.  First, as is demonstrated in Appendix A, in all five identified momentum component equations, we can immediately replace <math>~\mathbf{u}</math> by the velocity field as viewed from a frame of reference that is rotating at angular frequency, <math>~\Omega</math>, namely,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\mathbf{u}'
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\mathbf{u} - \hat\mathbf{e}_\varphi R\Omega \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
because <math>~\nabla\cdot (\hat\mathbf{e}_\varphi R\Omega) = 0</math>, that is, because the velocity field introduced by the frame rotation is divergence free.  All of the other elements of the five component equations remain unchanged when <math>~\mathbf{u}</math> is replaced by <math>~\mathbf{u}'</math> &#8212; in particular, all five advected quantities, <math>~s_x</math>, <math>~s_y</math>, <math>~s_z</math>, <math>~s_R</math>, and <math>~\ell_z</math>, still refer to components of the inertial-frame momentum (or angular-momentum) density. This recognition, alone, permits us to rewrite all three Cartesian components of the momentum conservation equation in the form that we have used for this project:
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_x + \nabla\cdot (s_x \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial x} p - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_y + \nabla\cdot (s_y \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial y} p - ~\rho \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_z + \nabla\cdot (s_z \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial z}  p - ~\rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}  \Phi \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
  <th align="center">
Resolving Discrepancy Between Zach's Expressions and Mine
  </th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left">
Now, let's see how first two of these equations gets modified if we shift things to advect linear momenta as measured in the rotating frame.  First, note that, in Cartesian Coordinates, 
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\mathbf{u}
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
~\mathbf{u}' + \hat\mathbf{e}_\varphi R\Omega = 
\mathbf{u}' + \biggl[ \hat\mathbf{j} \biggl(\frac{x}{R} \biggr) - \hat\mathbf{i} \biggl(\frac{y}{R} \biggr) \biggr] R\Omega \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Hence,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~s_x = \rho u_x
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\rho( u_x' - y\Omega ) \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~s_y = \rho u_y
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\rho( u_y' + x\Omega ) \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
This means that the left-hand-side of the ''x''-momentum conservation equation becomes,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} [ \rho( u_x' - y\Omega ) ] + \nabla\cdot [ \rho( u_x' - y\Omega )  \mathbf{u}' ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} [ \rho( u_x' ) ] + \nabla\cdot [ \rho( u_x')  \mathbf{u}' ]
- \frac{\partial}{\partial t} [ \rho( y\Omega ) ] - \nabla\cdot [ \rho( y\Omega )  \mathbf{u}' ]
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_x' + \nabla\cdot ( s_x'  \mathbf{u}' )
- y\Omega\biggl[ \frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot (\rho\mathbf{u}' )\biggr]
-\rho \Omega (\mathbf{u}' \cdot \nabla) y
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_x' + \nabla\cdot ( s_x'  \mathbf{u}' ) -s_y' \Omega \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
Similarly (but without detailing the steps), the left-hand-side of the ''y''-momentum conservation equation becomes,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} [ \rho( u_y' + x\Omega ) ] + \nabla\cdot [ \rho( u_y' + x\Omega )  \mathbf{u}' ]
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_y' + \nabla\cdot ( s_y'  \mathbf{u}' ) + s_x' \Omega \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
So, if rotating-frame quantities are advected on a rotating Cartesian grid, the governing set of equations is,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_x' + \nabla\cdot (s_x' \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial x} p - \rho \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \Phi  + s_y' \Omega\, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_y' + \nabla\cdot (s_y' \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial y} p - ~\rho \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \Phi - s_x' \Omega \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_z' + \nabla\cdot (s_z' \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial z}  p - ~\rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}  \Phi \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

</td></tr>
</table>

Second, we note that an evaluation of the advection term that appears on the left-hand-side of each component of the momentum equation, which is generically of the form,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\nabla\cdot(\Psi\mathbf{u}') \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
requires an assessment of the divergence of the three-dimensional flow field at each location on the computational grid.  But, in practice, it shouldn't matter whether this "assessment" is done on a Cartesian mesh or on a cylindrical mesh (or on any of a multitude of other mesh choices); the result should be the determination of the proper scalar value at every point on the chosen computational grid.  So, although the familiar form of the set of equations governing the time-rate-of-change of the cylindrical components of the momentum, presented above, was derived with the implicit assumption that each term would be evaluated on a cylindrical coordinate mesh, we can just as well evaluate the advection term on a Cartesian mesh.  This only requires that the divergence operator and the "transport" velocity, <math>~\mathbf{u}'</math>, be handled in exactly the same manner as they are handled when evaluating advection in the Cartesian set of equations. In the hybrid scheme being presented here, all simulations are conducted on a Cartesian mesh so, in all cases, the divergence operator and the transport velocity are broken down into Cartesian components before the advection term is evaluated.

Finally, because a Cartesian mesh is being adopted, the gradient operator on the right-hand-side of each component of the momentum equation is also explicitly broken down into its Cartesian components.  This means that, for our hybrid scheme, the right-hand-sides of equations (nn) and (mm) incorporate the operator projections,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_R \cdot \nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ \hat{i}\biggr( \frac{x}{R} \biggr) + \hat{j} \biggr( \frac{y}{R} \biggr)\biggr] \cdot \nabla
= \frac{x}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + \frac{y}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial y } \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\hat{\mathbf{e}}_\varphi \cdot \nabla
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl[ \hat{j}\biggr( \frac{x}{R} \biggr) - \hat{i} \biggr( \frac{y}{R} \biggr)\biggr] \cdot \nabla
= \frac{y}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} - \frac{x}{R} \frac{\partial}{\partial y } \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

With all of these recognitions in hand, in our hybrid scheme the three components of the cylindrical momentum equations are,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_R + \nabla\cdot (s_R \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- \frac{1}{R} \biggl( x \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + y \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr) p 
- \frac{\rho}{R} \biggl( x \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + y \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr) \Phi 
+ \frac{\ell^2_z}{\rho R^3} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \ell_z + \nabla\cdot (\ell_z \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\biggl( y\frac{\partial}{\partial x} - x \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr) p 
+ \rho \biggl( y\frac{\partial}{\partial x} - x \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \biggr)\Phi \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} s_z + \nabla\cdot (s_z \mathbf{u}')
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
- ~\frac{\partial}{\partial z}  p - ~\rho \frac{\partial}{\partial z}  \Phi \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

As discussed by Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010), it is noteworthy that the right-hand-side of the hybrid-scheme equation that governs transport (and conservation) of angular momentum does not contain a Coriolis term.  This is because <math>~\ell_z</math>, the quantity being advected and tracked, is the angular momentum density as measured in the ''inertial'' frame of reference.  As is demonstrated in &sect;A.4 of Appendix A, a Coriolis term arises if the equation is written in a form where the quantity being advected is the ''rotating-frame'' angular momentum density.  This equation, which contains a Coriolis term, is more familiar to the astrophysics community &#8212; see, for example, Norman &amp; Wilson (1980) and New &amp; Tohline (1987).  But, for purposes of angular momentum conservation, we consider it to be far preferable to adopt a version of the equation in which the velocity does not explicitly appear in the source term.

Finally, we note that <math>~s_R</math> and <math>~\ell_z</math> can be straightforwardly expressed in terms of Cartesian components of <math>~\mathbf{u}</math> or <math>~\mathbf{u}'</math>.  Specifically, remembering that <math>~\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{v}</math>,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~s_R \equiv \rho v_R
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\rho}{R} (xu_x + y u_y) = \frac{\rho}{R} (xu_x' + y u_y') \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
~\ell_z \equiv R\rho v_\varphi
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\rho (xu_y - y u_x) = \rho (xu_y' - y u_x')  + \rho\Omega_0 (x^2 + y^2) \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

==Text Following Equation A17==
I recommend that the text following equation A17 read as follows:

<div align="center">
Equation (A17)
</div>
[<font color="red">Do not indent</font>] When comparing equations (A16) and (A17), notice that the conserved quantity is the same &#8212; the ''z''-component of the angular momentum measure in the ''inertial'' frame.  The only difference in the two equations is the "transport" velocity (<math>~\mathbf{u}</math> for the nonrotating frame, <math>~\mathbf{u}'</math> for the rotating reference frame).

[<font color="red">Start new paragraph</font>] Equation (A17) is different from the more familiar formulation, where the angular momentum density as well as the transport velocity is measure with respect to the rotating frame, i.e., where the angular momentum density is expressed in terms of the azimuthal component of the transport velocity, <math>~u_\varphi'</math>.  But, as a consequence, the source term in the more familiar formulation is more complicated.  We can derive the more familiar formulation from equation (A17) by recognizing that,
<div align="center">
Equation (A18) thru Equation (A23)
</div>
where the last step is accomplished by making use of the continuity relation, <math>~\partial\rho/\partial t + \nabla\cdot(\rho \mathbf{u}') = 0.</math>  Notice that all velocities now refer to <math>~\mathbf{u}'</math>, the velocity as measured in the rotating frame, which is the more familiar formulation.  The appearance of a Coriolis term is the result of choosing to measure angular momentum in the rotating frame rather than in the inertial frame.  This corresponds to "Case B <math>~(\eta = 3')</math>" in Call, Tohline, &amp; Lehner (2010).  In our hybrid scheme we have chosen to use equation (A17) instead of (A23) primarily because equation (A17) presents a simpler source term.

=TRASH (do not read below this line)=
==Traditional Eulerian Representation (Review)==
Here we review the traditional Eulerian representation of the Euler Equation, as has been [[User:Tohline/PGE/Euler#Eulerian_Representation|discussed in detail earlier]].

===in terms of velocity:===

The so-called "Eulerian form" of the Euler equation can be straightforwardly derived from the [[User:Tohline/PGE/Euler#Lagrangian_Representation|standard Lagrangian representation]] to obtain,

<div align="center">
<span id="ConservingMomentum:Eulerian"><font color="#770000">'''Eulerian Representation'''</font></span><br />
of the Euler Equation,

{{User:Tohline/Math/EQ_Euler02}}
</div>

===in terms of momentum density:===

Also, we can multiply this expression through by {{User:Tohline/Math/VAR_Density01}} and combine it with the continuity equation to derive what is commonly referred to as the,

<div align="center">
<span id="ConservingMomentum:Conservative"><font color="#770000">'''Conservative Form'''</font></span><br />
of the Euler Equation,

{{User:Tohline/Math/EQ_Euler03}}
</div>

The second term on the left-hand-side of this last expression represents the divergence of the "dyadic product" of the vector momentum density ({{User:Tohline/Math/VAR_Density01}}{{User:Tohline/Math/VAR_VelocityVector01}}) and the velocity vector {{User:Tohline/Math/VAR_VelocityVector01}} and is sometimes written as, <math>\nabla\cdot [(\rho \vec{v}) \otimes \vec{v}]</math>.

=Component Forms=

Let's split the vector Euler equation into its three scalar components; various examples are identified in Table 1.

<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
  <th align="center" rowspan="2">
Example #
  </th>
  <th align="center" colspan="2">
Grid
  </th>
  <th align="center" colspan="2">
Momentum Vector
  </th>
</tr>

<tr>
  <th align="center">
Basis
  </th>
  <th align="center">
Rotating?
  </th>
  <th align="center">
Basis
  </th>
  <th align="center">
Frame
  </th>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
1
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Cartesian
  </td>
  <td align="center">
No
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Cartesian
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Inertial
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
2
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Cylindrical
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Yes <math>~(\Omega_0)</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Cylindrical
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Rotating <math>~(\Omega_0)</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="center">
3
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Cylindrical
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Yes <math>~(\Omega_0)</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Cylindrical
  </td>
  <td align="center">
Rotating <math>~(\omega_0)</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

In the following expressions, we will use <math>~\vec{v}</math> to denote the fluid velocity when it is associated with the rate of fluid transport across the coordinate grid, and we will use <math>~\vec{u}</math> to denote the fluid velocity when it is associated with the momentum density that is being advected.  In all cases, it should be understood that <math>~\vec{v} = \vec{u}</math>, as both vectors refer to the same fluid velocity.  In addition, we will use a "prime" notation to indicate when a velocity is being viewed from a rotating frame of reference; specifically, we will consider rotation about the <math>~z</math>-axis of the coordinate system, that is,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~v'_\phi</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~v_\phi - R\Omega_0 \, ,</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
and,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~u'_\phi</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~u_\phi - R\omega_0 \, ,</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
but we will not insist that the two rotation frequencies, <math>~\Omega_0</math> and <math>~\omega_0</math>, have the same value.  Hence, in general, <math>~(\vec{u})' \ne (\vec{v})'</math>.  It is worth emphasizing that, because we will only be considering frame rotation about the <math>z</math>-axis, the cylindrical <math>R</math> and <math>z</math> components of the velocity are interchangeable, that is: <math>~u'_R = v'_R = u_R = v_R</math>; and <math>~u'_z = v'_z = u_z = v_z</math>.

===Example #1===
This is certainly the most familiar component set.
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_x: ~~~\frac{\partial (\rho v_x)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho v_x) \vec{v}~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial x} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial x} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_y: ~~~\frac{\partial (\rho v_y)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho v_y) \vec{v}~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial y} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial y} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_z: ~~~\frac{\partial (\rho v_z)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho v_z) \vec{v}~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial z} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial z} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, for any one of the three scalar PDEs, advection of the relevant component of the momentum density, <math>~\psi_i</math>, is handled via the operation,

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\nabla\cdot[\psi_{i} \vec{v} ] 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\psi_i v_x)}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial (\psi_i v_y)}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial (\psi_i v_z)}{\partial z} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

===Example #2===
This component set has been spelled out in, for example, equations (5) - (7) of [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...224..497N Norman &amp; Wilson (1978)] and equations (11), (12), &amp; (3) of  [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...490..311N New &amp; Tohline (1997)].
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_R: ~~~~~~~\frac{\partial (\rho v_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho v_R) \vec{v}~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial R} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial R} + \frac{(\rho R v_\phi)^2}{\rho R^3} + \rho\Omega_0^2 R + \frac{2\Omega_0 (\rho R v_\phi)}{R} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial R} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial R} + \frac{\rho}{R} (v_\phi + R\Omega_0)^2 \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_\phi: ~~~\frac{\partial (\rho R v_\phi)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho R v_\phi) \vec{v}~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial \phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \phi} - 2\rho (\Omega_0 R )v_R \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_z: ~~~~~~~~\frac{\partial (\rho v_z)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[(\rho v_z) \vec{v}~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial z} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial z} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, as noted above,

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\nabla\cdot[\psi_{i} \vec{v} ] 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\psi_i v_R)}{\partial R} + \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial (\psi_i v_\phi)}{\partial\phi} + \frac{\partial (\psi_i v_z)}{\partial z} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

===Example #3===

<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_R:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{\partial (\rho u'_R)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[\rho u'_R (\vec{v})'~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial R} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial R} + \frac{\rho}{R} (v'_\phi + R\Omega_0)^2 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial R} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial R} + 
\frac{\rho (v'_\phi)^2}{R} + 2\rho \Omega_0 v'_\phi + \rho \Omega_0^2 R  \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_\phi:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{\partial \{\rho R [u'_\phi + R(\Omega_0 - \omega_0)]\} }{\partial t} + 
\nabla\cdot[ \{ \rho R [u'_\phi + R(\Omega_0 - \omega_0)] \} (\vec{v})'~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial \phi} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial \phi} - 2\rho R\omega_0 v'_R \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\boldsymbol{\hat{e}}_z:</math>
  </td>
  <td align="right">
<math>~\frac{\partial (\rho u'_z)}{\partial t} + \nabla\cdot[\rho u'_z (\vec{v})'~]</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
-~\frac{\partial P}{\partial z} - \rho \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial z} \, ,
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
where, as noted above,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>~u'_\phi</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>~u_\phi - R\omega_0 \, ,</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

and, for any one of the three scalar PDEs, advection of the relevant component of the momentum density, <math>~\psi_i</math>, is handled via the operation,
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
  <td align="right">
<math>
\nabla\cdot[\psi_{i} (\vec{v})' ] 
</math>
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\psi_i v'_R)}{\partial R} + \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial (\psi_i v'_\phi)}{\partial\phi} + \frac{\partial (\psi_i v'_z)}{\partial z} 
</math>
  </td>
</tr>

<tr>
  <td align="right">
&nbsp;
  </td>
  <td align="center">
<math>~=~</math>
  </td>
  <td align="left">
<math>
\frac{\partial (\psi_i v_R)}{\partial R} + \frac{1}{R} \frac{\partial [\psi_i (v_\phi - R\Omega_0)]}{\partial\phi} + \frac{\partial (\psi_i v_z)}{\partial z} \, .
</math>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>

=Related Discussions=
* Euler equation viewed from a [http://www.vistrails.org/index.php?title=User:Tohline/PGE/RotatingFrame rotating frame of reference] or [[Main Page]].
* An [http://www.vistrails.org/index.php/User:Tohline/PGE/ConservingMomentum earlier draft of this "Euler equation" presentation].


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